संस्कृत प्रावैधिक शब्दावली
- Glossary of Sanskrit Technical Terms
Terms and definitions collated from the following sources:
- Plofker, K. 2009. Mathematics in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Sarasvati Amma, T. A. 1979. Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India. Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidass.
- Somayaji, D. A. 1971. A Critical Study of the Ancient Hindu Astronomy in the light and language of the modern. Dharwar: Karnataka University.
- Subbarayappa, B. V. and K. V. Sarma. 1985. Indian Astronomy: A Sourcebook. Bombay: Nehru Centre.
अक्ष (akṣa) -- Latitude - The term akṣa is an abbreviation of the complete term, अक्षोन्नति (akṣonnati), meaning the inclination of the Earth's axis to the plane of the celestial horizon, i.e., the latitude of the place
अक्षजीवा (akṣajīvā) -- R sine of latitude
अक्षज्या (akṣajyā) -- R sine of latitude
अक्षांश (akṡāṃśa) -- Local latitude in degrees
अक्ष्णयारज्जु (akṣṇayārajju) -- The diagonal chord of rectangle or a square
अग्रा (agrā) -- Amplitude at rising i.e., the arc of the celestial horizon lying between the east point where the heavenly body concerned rises; or the R sine thereof (sometimes called agrājyā), which is equal to the distance between the east-west line and the rising-setting of the heavenly body concerned
अङ्गुल (aṅgula) -- 1. Digit, as a unit of linear measure (finger-breadth). 2. Unit of length, 1/24th of a cubit
अधिदिन (adhidina) -- Intercalary day
अधिमास(क) (adhimāsa(ka)) -- Intercalary month; the intercalary months denote the excess the lunar (synodic) months over the solar months and thus the intercalary months in a yuga are the lunar months minus the solar months in the yuga
अधिमासशेष (adhimāsaśeṡa) -- Residue relating to the intercalary month, adhimāsa
अधिवर्ष (adhivarṡa) -- Twelve intercalary months
अनादेश्यग्रहण (anādeśyagrahaṇa) -- The eclipse that are not to be predicted
अनुलोम (anuloma) -- Direct or anticlockwise
अनुष्टुभ (anuṣṭubha) -- A Sanskrit verse meter consisting of four quarter-verses of eight syllables each
अन्त्यज्या (antyajyā) -- The current R sine difference, i.e., the R sine difference corresponding to the elementary arc occupied by a planet In Hindu trigonometry, the quadrant of a circle is divided into 24 equal parts called elementary arcs.
अन्त्यफल (antyaphala) -- Maximum correction due to the mandocca or śīghrocca
अन्त्यफलज्या (antyaphalajyā) -- R sine of the maximum correction
अपक्रम (apakrama) -- 1. Greatest declination. 2. Declination
अपक्रममण्डल (apakramamaṇḍala) -- Ecliptic
अपम (apama) -- Declination
अपमण्डल (apamaṇḍala) -- Ecliptic
अमावस्या (amāvasyā) -- Day of conjunction of Sun and Moon i.e., New Moon day
अयत (ayata) -- Rectangle
अयतचतुर्भुज (ayatacaturbhuja) -- Rectangle
अयतवृत्त (ayatavṛtta) -- Ellipse
अयन (ayana) -- Northward or southward motion of a planet
अयनांश (ayanāṃśa) -- Arc of the ecliptic intercepted between the vernal equinox and the zero point (as set by the Indian tradition)
अर्काग्रा (arkāgrā) -- Sun's amplitude at rising, or the R sine thereof
अर्ध (ardha) -- Half
अर्धज्या (ardhajyā) -- R sine
अवनति (avanati) -- Moon's true latitude as corrected for parallax
अवमरात्र (avamarātra) -- Omitted lunar days or omitted tithis
अवमशेष (avamaśeṡa) -- Residue of the omitted lunar days or omitted tithis
अवमादिन (avamādina) -- Omitted lunar days or omitted tithis
अविशेषकलाकर्ण (aviśeṣakalākarṇa) -- The distance (lit., hypotenuse) of a planet measured in minutes and obtained by the method of successive approximations
अंश (aṃśa) -- 1. Degree. 2. Part. 3. An upper vertex of a quadrilateral.
अश्वयुक् (aśvayuk) -- Month of Aśvina
असकृत्कर्म (asakṛtkarma) -- Method of successive approximations
असवः (asavaḥ) -- Asus of the right ascension or the time in the asus of rising at the equator
असित (asita) -- 1. asita pakṣa i.e., the dark half of a lunar (synodic) month. 2. The measure of the unilluminated part of the Moon
असु (asu) -- A unit of time equal to four sidereal seconds
अस्त (asta) -- The setting of a heavenly body
अस्तमय (astamaya) -- Diurnal or heliacal setting
अस्तमयोदयसूत्र (astamayodayasūtra) -- R sine setting line
अस्तलग्न (astalagna) -- The setting point of the ecliptic
अहर्गण (ahargaṇa) -- 1. The number of days accumulated between a given epoch date and some desired date. 2. The number of mean civil days elapsed since the beginning of Kaliyuga (or any other epoch)
अहोरात्र (ahorātra) -- 1. A day and night, a nychthemeron. 2. The day radius i.e., the radius of the diurnal circle
अहोरात्रवृत्त (ahorātravṛtta) -- Diurnal circle
अहोरात्रार्धविष्कम्भ (ahorātrārdhaviṣkambha) -- Semi-diameter of the diurnal circle (of a heavenly body, particularly the Sun) i.e., the day radius.
अहोरात्रासु (ahorātrāsu) -- The number of asus in a day and night i.e., 21600
आक्षदृक्कर्म (ākṣadṛkkarma) -- Visibility correction due to local latitude
आबाधा (ābādhā) (or avabādhā, avadhā, abadhā, badhā) -- Segment of the base of triangle produced by the altitude on it; the projection of any slanting side on the horizontal
आयनदृक्कर्म (āyanadṛkkarma) -- Visibility correction due to ecliptic longitude
आयाम (āyāma) -- Breadth of an object; sometimes, length as opposed to breadth
इन्दुआत (induāta) -- Ascending node of the Moon
इन्दूच्च (indūcca) -- The Moon's apogee i.e., the remotest point of the Moon's orbit
इल्लम् (illam) -- (Malayalam) Among Brāhmaṇas in Kerala, a family residence or estate
इषु (iṣu) -- 1. Arrow. 2. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
इष्ट (iṣṭa) -- 1. Given, desired or chosen at pleasure. 2. iṣṭagraha i.e., desired or given planet
इष्ठशङ्कु (iṣṭhaśaṅku) -- R cosine of the zenith distance of the Sun in any arbitrary position
उच्च (ucca) -- The ucca of a planet is of two kinds - (a) mandocca i.e., the apex of slowest motion and (b) śīghrocca i.e., the apex of fastest motion
उच्चनीचपरिवर्त (uccanīcaparivarta) -- Anomalistic or synodic revolutions
उच्चनीचवृत्त (uccanīcavṛtta) -- Epicycle
उच्छ्रय (ucchraya (or ucchriti) -- Height of an object
उत्क्रमण (utkramaṇa (also known as utkramajyā) -- R versed sine
उत्तरायण (uttarāyaṇa) -- Sun's northward journey from winter solstice to summer solstice
उत्वृत्त (utvṛtta) -- Equatorial horizon
उत्वृत्तशङ्कु (utvṛttaśaṅku) -- R cosine of the zenith distance of the Sun as seen from a place on the equatorial horizon
उत्सेध (utsedha) -- Height of an object
उदगयन (उत्तरायण) (udagayana (uttarāyaṇa) -- Sun's northward journey from winter solstice to summer solstice
उदग्गोल (udaggola) -- Northern Hemisphere
उदय (udaya) -- 1. The rising of a planet on the eastern horizon. 2. Heliacal rising of a planet. 3. udaya lagna i.e., the rising point of the ecliptic. 4. Addition, as in kṣayodayau i.e., subtraction and addition
उदयजीवा (udayajīvā (also known as udayajyā) -- R sine amplitude of the rising point of the ecliptic
उदयास्त-सुत्र (udayāsta-sutra) -- 1. Straight line joining the rising and setting points of a celestial body on a horizontal diameter. 2. Line of intersection of diurnal circle and horizon
उदयास्तमय (udayāstamaya) -- Heliacal rising and setting
उदिचि (udici) -- North-South line
उन्नतकाल (unnatakāla) -- 1. Time elapsed after the rising of a celestial body. 2. Distance from the horizon in time
उन्नतांश (unnatāṃśa) -- Complement of the zenith distance, or the R sine of that called unnatāṃśajyā
उन्मण्डल (unmaṇḍala) -- 1. Equatorial horizon. 2. Six o'clock circle
उपवृत्त (upavṛtta) -- A small circle parallel to the prime-vertical
उभयतःप्रौग (ubhayataḥprauga) -- Double Isosceles triangle; rhombus
उर्वी (urvī) -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
ऋक्कर्म (ṛkkarma) -- Visibility corrections. There are three visibility corrections: (a) akṣadṛkkarma which is the measure of the arc of the ecliptic lying between the hour circle and the circle of position of the planet concerned, (b) ayanadṛkkarma which is measured by the arc of the ecliptic lying between the circle of celestial longitude and the hour circle of planet concerned and (c) a correction of 48' to be subtracted from the Moon's longitude or added to it according as the Moon is in the eastern or western hemispheres. These corrections having been applied to the true longitude of a planet, we obtain the longitude of that point of the ecliptic that rises on the local horizon simultaneously with the actual planet
ऋजुभुज (ṛjubhuja) -- Rectilinear figure
ऋण (ṛṇa) -- Subtracted, negative
ऋतु (ṛtu) -- Season
कक्ष्या (kakṣyā) -- Orbit
कक्ष्यामण्डल (kakṣyāmaṇḍala (also known as kakṣavṛtta) -- Mean orbit of planet, deferent of concentric
कटपयादि (kaṭapayādi) -- An alphanumeric notational system for verbally representing numerals
कदम्ब (kadamba) -- Pole of the ecliptic
कदम्बप्रत (kadambaprata) -- Secondary to the ecliptic
कदम्बसूत्र (kadambasūtra) -- Secondary to the ecliptic
करण (karaṇa) -- 1. A handbook for astronomical computation or astronomical manual. 2. A time unit equal to half a tithi or the time during which the Moon gains 6° over the Sun 3. The name of one of the five principal elements of the Hindu calendar
करणी (karaṇī) -- 1. A surd or non-square number; (lit., making). 2. The side of a rectilinear figure; the side of a square or rectangle. 3. The maker or producer of the required area.
कर्ण (karṇa) -- 1. Hypotenuse, lateral side. 2. Distance of planet from Earth
कला (kalā) -- A time unit equal to one-sixtieth of a muhūrta. 2. In the Jyotiṣa vedāṅga, a time unit equal to 201/20 of a ghaṭikā. 3. Minute of Arc
कलार्धजा (kalārdhajā) -- The 24 R sine differences in terms of minutes
कलियुग (Kaliyuga) -- The last of the four ages in a mahāyuga, equal to 432,000 years. Indian cosmology holds that the current Kaliyuga began on 18 February 3102 BCE
कल्प (kalpa) -- 1. A lifetime of the universe, conventionally equal to 4,320,000,000 years. 2. A period of 1000 yugas. 3.The Vedāṅga of ritual practice
कालांश (kālāṃśa) -- Degrees indicating time
काह (kāha) -- A day of Brahmā known as a Kalpa
कु (ku) -- 1. Earth. 2. Base of a triangle
कुज (kuja) -- Mars
कुज्या (kujyā) -- Earth-sine. The distance between the rising-setting line and the line joining the points of intersection of the diurnal circle and the six o'clock circle, or the R sine thereof
कुवायु (kuvāyu) -- Terrestrial wind
कूदिन (kūdina) -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
कृति (kṛti) -- Square
कृत्तिका (kṛttikā) -- The nakṣatra of Kṛttikā
केन्द्र (kendra) -- 1. Anomaly. The kendra is of two kinds, mandakendra and śīghrakendra. The mandakendra of a planet is equal to the 'longitude of the planet minus the longitude of the planet's mandocca i.e., the planet's apogee', where as the śīghrakendra of a planet is equal to the longitude of the planet's śīghrocca i.e., the apex of fastest motion, minus the longitude of the planet. 2. Centre
कोटि (कोटी) (koṭi (koṭī)) -- 1. Vertical/perpendicular side of right-angled triangle. 2. Complement of the bhuja
कोटिज्या (koṭijyā) -- Cosine, R cosine
कोटिफल (koṭiphala) -- The result obtained by multiplying the R sine of the koṭi due to the planet's kendra by the tabulated epicycle and dividing the product by 80
कोण (koṇa) -- Angle, corner
कोणमण्डल (कोणवृत्त) (koṇamaṇḍala (koṇavṛtta) -- Intermediary vertical circle
कोणशन्कु (koṇaśanku) -- 1. R cosine of the zenith distance of the Sun when the azimuth measured from the East-West line is 45°. 2. R sine of the altitude from the intermediary vertical circle, koṇavṛtta
कोणशन्कुतल (koṇaśankutala) -- Base of the koṇaśanku
कोष्ठक (koṣṭhaka) -- A set of tables for astronomical computation
क्रम (krama) -- Serial order
क्रमज्या (kramajyā) -- 1. Sine or Chord; (lit. bowstring.) 2. R sine (Radius × Sine). The R sine difference corresponding to the twenty four equal divisions of a quadrant
क्रान्ति (krānti) -- Declination
क्रान्तिज्या (krāntijyā) -- R sine of the declination of a celestial body
क्रान्तिमण्डल (krāntimaṇḍala) -- Ecliptic
क्रिय (kriya) -- The zodiacal sign, Aries
क्वावर्त (kvāvarta) -- Rotations of the Earth
क्षयमास (अंहस्पतिमास) (kṣayamāsa (aṃhaspatimāsa) -- A candramāsa lost in the process of intercalation
क्षययह (उनह) (kṣayayaha (unaha)) -- A lost tithi or a tithi containing two consecutive Sunrises
क्षितिच्छाया (kṣiticchāyā) -- Earth's shadow
क्षितिज (kṣitija) -- 1. Mars. 2. Horizon (kṣitija vṛtta)
क्षितिजा (kṣitijā (also known as kṣitijyā) -- Earth-sine. The distance between the rising-setting line and the line joining the points of intersection of the diurnal circle and the six o'clock circle, or the R sine thereof
क्षिप्ति (kṣipti) -- Celestial latitude
क्षिप्तिलिप्तिकाः (kṣiptiliptikāḥ) -- The minutes of the celestial latitude
क्षेत्र (kṣetra) -- Closed figure
क्षेत्रगणित (kṣetragaṇita) -- Geometry
क्षेत्रफल (kṣetraphala) -- Area
क्षेप (kṣepa) -- 1. Additive or subtractive quantity/correction. 2. Celestial latitude, see under vikṣepa
ख (kha) -- 1. Void. 2. Sky
खगोल (khagola) -- Sphere of the sky
खण्डग्रहण (khaṇḍagrahaṇa) -- Partial eclipse
खमध्य (khamadhya) -- Middle of the sky
खातफल (khātaphala) -- Volume of a pit or excavation
गच्छ (gaccha) -- In Jainism, a lineage of teachers and pupils
गणित (gaṇita) -- 1. Computation, calculation; mathematics in general. 2. The mathematical component of astronomy and astrology
गत (gata) -- Traversed, elapsed, past, preceding
गति (gati) -- Motion, generally used in the sense of daily motion of the planets
गत्यन्तर (gatyantara) -- Motion-difference
गन्तव्य (gantavya) -- To be traversed; to come, succeeding
गुणक (guṇaka) -- Multiplier
गुर्वक्षर (gurvakṣara) -- Long syllable
गुर्वब्द (gurvabda) -- Jovian year
गोत्र (gotra) -- Among Brāhmaṇas, a lineage tracing its descent to one of the legendary sages of Hinduism
गोल (gola) -- 1. Sphere. 2. Celestial sphere. 3. Hemisphere; northern or southern hemispheres 4. Spherics
गोलयन्त्र (golayantra) -- Automatic sphere-model of the bhagola
ग्रह (graha) -- Planet
ग्रहक्षितिज (grahakṣitija) -- A great circle whose poles are situated at a planet
ग्रहण (grahaṇa) -- Eclipse
ग्रहणमध्य (grahaṇamadhya) -- Middle of the Eclipse
ग्रास (grāsa) -- 1. Measure of the eclipse. 2. Erosion by overlapping. 3. Common portion of two intersecting circles; the largest width thereof
ग्राहक (grāhaka) -- The eclipsing body; the eclipser
ग्राहकार्ध (grāhakārdha) -- Half the diameter of the eclipsing body
ग्राह्य (grāhya) -- The eclipsed body
ग्राह्यबिम्ब (grāhyabimba) -- The disc of the eclipsed body
ग्राह्यमण्डल (grāhyamaṇḍala) -- The centre of the eclipsed body
घटिका (ghaṭikā (also known as ghaṭī), -- 1. A time unit equal to one-sixtieth of a day, 24 minutes
घटी (ghaṭī) -- A unit of time equal to 24 minutes
घनगोल (ghanagola) -- Solid sphere
घनफल (ghanaphala) -- Volume
घनभूमध्य (ghanabhūmadhya) -- Earth's centre
घात (ghāta) -- Product; multiplication
घातक्षेत्र (ghātakṣetra) -- Diagrammatic representation of a multiplication product
चक्र (cakra) -- 1. Circle. 2. Twelve signs or 360°
चक्रलिप्ता (cakraliptā) -- The number of minutes of arc in a circle, i.e., 21600
चक्रवालवृत्त (cakravālavṛtta) -- Annulus
चक्रार्ध (cakrārdha) -- Half of a circle, i.e., 180°
चतुरस्र (caturasra) -- Quadrilateral square
चतुष्कोन (catuṣkona) -- Quadrilateral
चन्द्रकर्ण (candrakarṇa) -- Distance of the Moon from the Earth
चन्द्रभगण (candrabhagaṇa) -- Revolutions of the Moon
चन्द्रह (candraha) -- Time taken by the Moon to overtake the Sun by 12° beginning from the zero point of the ecliptic (as set by the Indian tradition)
चन्द्रोच्च (candrocca) -- Moon's apogee
चर (cara) -- Ascensional difference. It is defined by the arc of the celestial equator lying between the six o'clock circle and the hour circle of a heavenly body at rising
चरजीवार्ध (carajīvārdha) -- The R sine of the ascensional difference
चरज्या (carajyā) -- The R sine of the ascensional difference
चरदल (caradala) -- Ascensional difference. It is defined by the arc of the celestial equator lying between the six o'clock circle and the hour circle of a heavenly body at rising
चरपाण (carapāṇa) -- The asus of ascensional difference
चरफल (caraphala) -- Correction due to ascensional difference
चरसंस्कार (carasaṃskāra) -- Latitude correction in the celestial longitude of a planet
चरासु (carāsu) -- The asus of ascensional difference
चलकेन्द्र (calakendra) -- The longitude of the planet's śīghrocca i.e., the apex of fastest motion, minus the longitude of the planet
चलकेन्द्रफल (calakendraphala) -- Correction due to the planet's śīghrocca
चलोच (caloca) -- Apex of fastest motion.
चान्द्रमास (सषिमास) (cāndramāsa (saṣimāsa) -- Lunar month or Lunation
चान्द्रवर्श (cāndravarśa) -- Twelve lunar months
चाप (cāpa) -- Arc
चापक्षेत्र (cāpakṣetra) -- Segment
चापज्यार्ध (ज्या) (cāpajyārdha (jyā)) -- R sine
चापभाग (cāpabhāga) -- An element of arc of elementary arc, i.e., one of the twenty four equal divisions of a quadrant. The R sine differences for these have been tabulated by Aryābhaṭa।
चापित (cāpita) -- Converted into (or reduced to) the corresponding arc
चैत्र (caitra) -- The name of the first month of the year
छन्दस् (chandas) -- Prosody or poetic metrics. One of the six Vedāṅgas
छाया (chāyā) -- 1. Shadow. 2. The R sine of the zenith distance
छायाकर्ण (chāyākarṇa) -- Hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle formed with the gnomon and the gnomonic shadow cast by the Sun, being the other two sides
छायाभुज (chāyābhuja) -- Length of the perpendicular from the end of the gnomic shadow to the East-West line
जन्य (janya) -- Rational right triangle or rectangle from which other rational figures are to be obtained; a figure with rational sides
जातक (jātaka) -- Genethlialogy; the practice or study of casting nativity horoscopes
जाति (jāti) -- Hereditary social and occupational group, often translated caste
जात्य (jātya) -- A rational right-angled triangle or any rectilinear figure with rational sides
जिवाभुक्ति (jivābhukti) -- True daily motion derived with the help of the table of R sine differences
जीवा (jīvā) -- 1. Sine or Chord; (lit. bowstring.) 2. R sine
जूक (jūka) -- Sign Libra
ज्ञाति (jñāti) -- Hereditary social and occupational group, sometimes a subdivision of jāti and sometimes synonymous with it
ज्या (jyā) -- 1. Sine or Chord; (lit. bowstring.) 2. R sine (Radius × Sine). The R sine difference corresponding to the twenty four equal divisions of a quadrant
ज्यार्ध (ज्या) (jyārdha (jyā)) -- R sine
ज्योतिष (jyotiṣa) -- Astronomy and astrology. One of the six Vedāṅgas
ढ़ुराण (Purāṇa) -- A sacred work on cosmology, mythology, and historical legend
तन्त्र (tantra) -- A type of astronomical treatise
तम(स्) (tama(s)) -- Section of Earth's shadow cone at the Moon's distance
तमोमूर्ति (tamomūrti) -- The Moon's ascending node
तमोविष्कम्भ (tamoviṣkambha) -- Diameter of shadow, i.e., diameter of the Earth's shadow cone at the Moon's distance
ताजिक (tājika) -- An Islamic form of horoscopic astrology
तात्कालिक (tātkālika) -- momentary, instantaneous; (lit., at that time)
ताराग्रह (tārāgraha) -- Star planets, i.e., the planets Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn
ताराग्रहस् (tārāgrahas) -- Planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
तिथि (tithi) -- A lunar day, or one-thirtieth of a synodic month
तिर्यण्मानी (tiryaṇmānī) -- 1. The transverse side of a quadrilateral, the horizontal side. 2. The transverse measurer
तुला (tulā) -- Sign Libra
तुल्यचतुर्भुज (tulyacaturbhuja) -- 1. Square or Rhombus. 2. Quadrilateral with all four sides equal
त्रिज्या (trijyā (also known as tribhajyā) -- Radius or 3438', literally the R sine of the three signs (or an arc of 90°)
त्रिभुज (tribhuja) -- Triangle
त्रिसम (trisama) -- 1. Equilateral triangle. 2. Trapezium with three equal sides
त्रैराशिक (trairāśika) -- Rule of three quantities, simple proportion
त्र्यस्र (tryasra) -- Triangle, more specifically a right-triangle
दक्षिणायन (dakṣiṇāyana) -- Sun's southward motion from summer solstice to winter solstice
दण्ड (daṇḍa) -- A punctuation mark in the form of a vertical stroke
दर्शनसंस्कार (darśanasaṃskāra) -- Visibility corrections. There are three visibility corrections: (a) akṣadṛkkarma which is the measure of the arc of the ecliptic lying between the hour circle and the circle of position of the planet concerned, (b) ayanadṛkkarma which is measured by the arc of the ecliptic lying between the circle of celestial longitude and the hour circle of planet concerned and (c) a correction of 48' to be subtracted from the Moon's longitude or added to it according as the Moon is in the eastern or western hemispheres. These corrections having been applied to the true longitude of a planet, we obtain the longitude of that point of the ecliptic that rises on the local horizon simultaneously with the actual planet
दिक्ज्या (dikjyā) -- R sine of the azimuth measured from the East point
दिन (dina) -- Day
दिनगण (dinagaṇa) -- 1. The number of days accumulated between a given epoch date and some desired date. 2. The number of mean civil days elapsed since the beginning of Kaliyuga (or any other epoch)
दिनगत (dinagata) -- Time of day passed/elapsed
दिनदलान्त्या (dinadalāntyā) -- āntyā at midday
दिनशेष (dinaśeṡa) -- Time until sunset
दिनान्तोदयलग्न (dināntodayalagna) -- The rising point of the ecliptic at Sunset
दिनार्ध (dinārdha) -- Half day
दृक्क्षेप (dṛkkṣepa) -- 1. Ecliptic zenith distance or its R sine. Thus, the dṛkkṣepa is the zenith distance of that point of a planet's orbit which is the shortest distance from the zenith. This term is sometimes also used fro the R sine of that zenith distance. 2. The arc measuring on vertical to ecliptic between the zenith and the nonagesimal point
दृक्क्षेपज्या (dṛkkṣepajyā) -- The R sine of the dṛkkṣepa
दृक्क्षेपमण्डल (dṛkkṣepamaṇḍala) -- 1. Vertical circle through the central ecliptic point. 2. Secondary to ecliptic passing through the zenith
दृक्च्गाया (dṛkcgāyā) -- Parallax
दृक्ज्या (dṛkjyā) -- R sine of the zenith distance in any position
दृक्लम्बन (dṛklambana) -- Parallax in zenith distance
दृग्गति (dṛggati) -- Arc of the ecliptic between the Sun or Moon and the celestial ecliptic point or its R sine value
दृग्गतिज्या (dṛggatijyā) -- R sine of dṛggati
दृग्गोल (dṛggola) -- Visible celestial sphere
दृग्ज्या (dṛgjyā) -- R sine of Meridian zenith distance or simply, the R sine of the zenith distance
दृङ्मण्डल (dṛṅmaṇḍala) -- 1. Vertical circle. 2. Circle passing through zenith and the planet
देशन्तर (deśantara) -- 1. The longitude of a place. It is either the distance of the place from the prime meridian or the difference between the local and standard times. 2. Longitudinal correction in the celestial longitude of a planet
देशन्तरघटी (deśantaraghaṭī) -- deśāntara, in ghaṭīs of the difference between the local and standard times
देशान्तरफल (deśāntaraphala) -- Correction due to the difference in longitude
दोर्ज्या (dorjyā) -- R sine of longitude
द्युज्या (dyujyā) -- 1. R cosine of the declination of a celestial body. 2. Radius of diurnal circle
द्युज्यामण्डल (dyujyāmaṇḍala) -- Diurnal circle
द्युज्यावृत्त (dyujyāvṛtta) -- Diurnal circle
द्युदलशन्कु (dyudalaśanku) -- R sine altitude at midday
द्यूगण (dyūgaṇa) -- 1. The number of days accumulated between a given epoch date and some desired date. 2. The number of mean civil days elapsed since the beginning of Kaliyuga (or any other epoch)
द्विसमभुज (dvisamabhuja) -- Isosceles triangle
धनु (dhanu) -- Arc
धनुःकाष्ठ (dhanuḥkāṣṭha) -- Arc; (lit., bow-stick)
धनुर्भाग (dhanurbhāga) -- The element of arc or elementary arc, i.e., one of the twenty four equal divisions of a quadrant. The R sine differences for these have been tabulated by Aryābhaṭa I
धरा (dharā) -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
धर्म (dharma) -- The Hindu doctrine of sacred law or righteousness; the moral and religious duties prescribed for humans
ध्रुव (dhruva) -- Pole of the celestial equator
ध्रुवप्रोत (dhruvaprota) -- Secondary to the celestial equator
ध्रुवप्रोतवृत्त (dhruvaprotavṛtta) -- Declination circle
ध्रुवयष्टि (dhruvayaṣṭi) -- Polar axis
ध्रुवसूत्र (dhruvasūtra) -- Declination circle
नक्षत्र (nakṣatra) -- 1. One of the twenty-seven or twenty-eight constellations that lie in the orbital path of the Moon. 2. An arc of the ecliptic with length 13° 20' , associated with one of the above mentioned lunar constellations. 3. An interval of time during which the Moon traverses an arc of 13° 20'. 4. Asterism
नक्षत्रदिवस (नक्षत्रदिन) (nakṣatradivasa (nakṣatradina)) -- Sidereal day
नक्षत्रमास (nakṣatramāsa) -- Sidereal month
नतकाल (natakāla) -- Hour-angle measured in time
नतकालकोटिज्या (natakālakoṭijyā) -- R cosine of hour-angle
नतकालज्या (natakālajyā) -- R sine of hour-angle
नतकालेत्क्रमज्या (natakāletkramajyā) -- R versed sine of hour-angle
नतज्या (natajyā) -- R sine of zenith distance
नतभाग (natabhāga) -- Meridian zenith distance
नतभागज्या (नतज्या) (natabhāgajyā (natajyā) -- R sine of zenith distance
नतांश (natāṃśa) -- Zenith distance
नति (nati) -- 1. Meridian zenith distance or the R sine of that. 2. Difference between the parallaxes in latitude of the Sun and the Moon i.e., latitudinal parallax
नभ (nabha) -- Zero
नर (nara) -- Gnomon
नागरी (nāgarī (also called deva-nāgarī) -- The name of the script most commonly used to write Sanskrit
नाडी (nāḍī) -- Unit of time equivalent to 24 minutes
नाडीवलय (nāḍīvalaya) -- Celestial equator
निरक्षजाः (असवः) (nirakṣajāḥ (asavaḥ)) -- Asus of the right ascension or the time in the asus of rising at the equator
निर्गम (nirgama) -- Annulus
नीच (nīca) -- Perigee of epicycle or the the eccentric of the planet
नीचोच्चरेखा (nīcoccarekhā) -- Line of apse
नीचोच्चवृत्त (nīcoccavṛtta) -- Epicycle
नीचोच्चवृत्त (nīcoccavṛtta) -- Epicycle
नेमि (nemi) -- Part of an annulus
पक्ष (pakṣa) -- 1. A school or faction. 2. One side of an equation; (lit., wing or side.) 3. Lunar fortnight, i.e., the period from new Moon to full Moon or from full Moon to new Moon. The period from new Moon to full Moon is called the light fortnight (or the light half of a lunar month - śuklapakṣa) and that from full Moon to new Moon is called the dark fortnight (or the dark half of a lunar month - kṛṣṇapakṣa)
पञ्चाङ्ग (pañcāṅga) -- A yearly calendar tracking the succession of various civil, liturgical, and astronomical time units
पदभा (padabhā) -- A gnomon shadow measured in units of feet; (lit., foot-shadow)
परकर्ण (parakarṇa) -- Third diameter of a cyclic quadrilateral obtainable by interchanging a pair of adjacent sides
परमक्रान्ति (paramakrānti) -- Greatest declination of the Sun, i.e., the obliquity of the ecliptic
परमक्षिप्ति (paramakṣipti) -- Greatest celestial latitude of the Moon, i.e., inclination of he Moon's orbit
परमापक्रम (paramāpakrama) -- Greatest declination, obliquity of the ecliptic
परमापक्रमगुणः (paramāpakramaguṇaḥ) -- The R sine of the Sun's greatest declination
परमापक्रमजीवा (paramāpakramajīvā) -- R sine of the greatest declination
परशङ्कु (paraśaṅku (also known as paramaśaṅku) -- R sine of the greatest altitude, i.e., R sine of the meridian altitude
परिणाह (pariṇāha) -- Periphery, circumference
परिधि (paridhi) -- Circumference
परिमण्डल (parimaṇḍala) -- Ellipse or Circle
परिलेख (parilekha) -- 1. Diagram. 2. Projection of eclipse
परिवर्त (parivarta) -- Revolution
पर्व (parva) -- 1. Time of conjunction or opposition of the Sun and the Moon. 2. Full Moon or the new Moon tithi. 3. An eclipse of the Sun and the Moon.
पर्वनाडी (parvanāḍī) -- The nāḍīs of the full Moon or new Moon tithi (also called parva) which are to elapse at Sunrise on that day. In other words, the time in nāḍīs which is to elapse at Sunrise before the time of conjunction or opposition of the Sun and the Moon
पल (pala) -- 1. Latitude. 2. Unit of time equivalent to 24 seconds
पलकर्ण (palakarṇa) -- Hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle formed with the gnomon and the equinoctial shadow being the other two sides
पलज्या (palajyā) -- The R sine of the latitude
पलभ (palabha) -- Equinoctial shadow of the gnomon at noon
पश्चार्ध (paścārdha) -- The western half
पात (pāta) -- 1. An astrologically significant event when the longitudes of the Sun and Moon add up to 180° or 360° (equivalently 6 or 12 zodiacal signs). 2. The ascending node of a planet's orbit on the ecliptic. 3. The circumference cum in-centre cum ortho-centre of an equilateral triangle
पातभाग (pātabhāga) -- The degree of longitude of the ascending node
पातरेखा (pātarekhā) -- The perpendiculars on the base and top of a trapezium fro the the point of intersection of its diagonals
पाती (pātī) -- Arithmetic; (lit., board - for the dust board on which computations were written out)
पाद (pāda) -- 1. A quarter-verse; (lit., foot.) 2. Ascending Node
पार्श्वमानी (pārśvamānī) -- 1. The lateral side of a quadrilateral or the flank-side measurement. 2. The flank-side measurer
पूर्ण (pūrṇa) -- Full, complete
पूर्णिमा (pūrṇimā) -- Full Moon
पूर्वापरायत (pūrvāparāyata) -- Directed east to west
पूर्वापरासूत्र (pūrvāparāsūtra) -- East-West line
पृष्ठफल (prṣṭhaphala) -- Surface area
पृष्ठ्या (prṣṭhyā) -- Line of symmetry, usually the east-west line
पौस्ण (pausṇa) -- The nakṣatra, Revatī which is presided over by pūṣā
प्रक्रिया (prakriyā) -- Process
प्रग्रहण (pragrahaṇa) -- First contact in an eclipse
प्रग्रास (pragrāsa) -- The beginning of an eclipse, i.e., the first contact
प्रति-वृत्त (prati-vṛtta) -- Eccentric circle of a planet
प्रतिपद् (pratipad) -- The first tithi of either half of the lunar month
प्रतिमण्डल (केन्द्रवृत्त) (pratimaṇḍala (kendravṛtta) -- The eccentric circle of a planet
प्रतिलोम (pratiloma) -- Retrograde. A planet is said to be in pratiloma when its motion is retrograde.
प्रभा (prabhā) -- The shadow of the gnomon
प्रवहवायु (pravahavāyu) -- Provector wind
प्राक्कल्प (prākkalpa) -- The eastern hemisphere
प्राक्पश्चिमसुत्र (prākpaścimasutra) -- East-West line
प्राग्लग्न (prāglagna (lagna or prāgvilagna) -- Rising point of the ecliptic
प्राण (prāṇa) -- Unit of time equal to four sidereal seconds or one-sixth of a vināḍikā
प्रौग (prauga) -- Triangle, typically an isosceles triangle. (The fore-part of the shaft of a chariot that is triangular in shape)
बव (bava) -- The name of the five movable karaṇa, the karaṇa being one of the five important elements of the Hindu calendar
बाण (bāṇa) -- 1. Arrow. 2. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
बाहु (bāhu) -- 1. The base of a right angled triangle. 2. The bāhu (or bhūja) corresponding to a planet's anomaly or to any arc/angle
बाहुफल (bāhuphala) -- Correction due to the mandocca or śigrocca of a planet
बिम्ब (bimba) -- Disc or orb of a planet
बीज (bīja) -- 1. Algebra. 2. A conversion constant to adjust astronomical parameters; (lit., seed)
ब्रह्मदिवस (brahmadivasa) -- A day of Brahmā, a kalpa
भ (bha) -- 1. Asterism. 2. Sign
भगण (bhagaṇa) -- The revolution number of a planet, i.e., the number of revolutions that a planet performs around the Earth in a certain period
भगोल (bhagola) -- Sphere of asterisms, with its centre at the Earth's centre
भचक्र (bhacakra) -- Circle of the asterisms
भपञ्जर (bhapañjara) -- Circle of the asterisms
भपरिणाह (bhapariṇāha) -- Circumference of the circle of the asterisms
भभ्रम (bhabhrama) -- Revolutions of fixed stars
भाग (bhāga) -- 1. Degree. 2. Part
भिन्नदिक्क (bhinnadikka) -- Unlike direction
भुक्तकाल (bhuktakāla) -- Elapsed time
भुक्ति (bhukti) -- Motion or daily motion
भुक्तियोग (bhuktiyoga) -- Sum of daily motions
भुक्तिविशेष (bhuktiviśeṣa) -- Motion differences
भुज (bhuja) -- 1. Longitude. 2. Base of a triangle
भुजा (bhujā) -- Lateral side of a right angled triangle
भुजाज्या (bhujājyā) -- The R sine of bhuja (bhujā or bāhu)
भुजान्तर (bhujāntara) -- Correction for the equation of time due to the eccentricity of the ecliptic
भुजाफल (bhujāphala) -- Correction due to the mandocca or śigrocca of a planet
भू (bhū) -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
भूगोल (bhūgola) -- Sphere of the Earth
भूगोलविष्कम्भ (bhūgolaviṣkambha) -- Diameter of the Earth
भूच्छाया (bhūcchāyā) -- Earth's shadow
भूज्या (bhūjyā) -- Earth-sine. The distance between the rising-setting line and the line joining the points of intersection of the diurnal circle and the six o'clock circle, or the R sine thereof
भूताराग्रहविवर (bhūtārāgrahavivara) -- The distance between Earth and a star planet
भूदिन (bhūdina) -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
भूदिवस (bhūdivasa) -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
भूमि (bhūmi) -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
भेद (bheda) -- Occultation of a star
भोग (bhoga) -- Motion
भोग्यकाल (bhogyakāla) -- Time to pass or expend
भोग्यखण्ड (bhogyakhaṇḍa) -- Tabular difference of R sine, etc. to be passed in the meridian
मकर (makara) -- Capricorn
मण्डल (maṇḍala) -- Circle, revolution
मध्य (madhya) -- 1. Centre, middle. 2. Mean. 3. Middle term in a series. 4. Zenith distance of ecliptic point
मध्यग्रह (madhyagraha) -- Mean planet
मध्यच्छाया (madhyacchāyā) -- The midday shadow of the gnomon
मध्यजिवा (madhyajivā) -- The R sine of the zenith distance of the meridian ecliptic point
मध्यज्या (madhyajyā) -- Meridian sine, i.e., R sine of the zenith distance of the meridian ecliptic point
मध्यमलम्बन (madhyamalambana) -- 1. Parallax in zenith distance. 2. Mean Altitude
मध्यमसवन (madhyamasavana) -- Mean solar day
मध्यर्क्रान्ति (madhyarkrānti) -- Declination of the place of a planet on the ecliptic
मध्यलग्न (madhyalagna) -- Meridian ecliptic point
मध्यलग्नशन्कु (madhyalagnaśanku) -- R cosine of the meridian ecliptic point
मध्यस्फुट (madhyasphuṭa) -- True mean motion of a planet
मध्याभुक्तिः (madhyābhuktiḥ) -- Mean daily motion
मध्याह्नच्छायाकर्ण (madhyāhnacchāyākarṇa) -- Hypotenuse of right-angled triangle, two sides of which are the gnomon and the midday shadow
मनु (manu) -- A period of time equal to 72 yugas
मन्द (manda) -- 1. The inequality in a planet's orbital motion that depends on its position with respect to the stars, analogous to zodiacal anomaly. (lit., slow). 2. Slow, apex of slow motion
मन्दकर्ण (mandakarṇa) -- Hypotenuse associated with mandocca
मन्दकेन्द्रज्या (mandakendrajyā) -- R sine of the mandakendra
मन्दगतिफल (mandagatiphala) -- Correction to the mean motion of a planet
मन्दपरिधि (mandaparidhi) -- Circumference of the manda epicycle
मन्दफल (mandaphala) -- Equation of the centre
मन्दफलज्या (mandaphalajyā) -- R sine of the equation of the centre
मन्दवृत्त (mandavṛtta) -- manda epicycle
मन्दस्पष्टगति (mandaspaṣṭagati) -- Mean motion of a planet corrected by mandagatiphala
मन्दस्फुट (mandasphuṭa) -- 1. Planet's longitude corrected for the equation of centre. 2. Mean motion of a planet corrected by mandagatiphala
मन्दस्फुटगति (mandasphuṭagati) -- Mean motion of a planet corrected by mandagatiphala
मन्दान्त्यफल (mandāntyaphala) -- Maximum correction due to mandocca
मन्दान्त्यफलज्या (mandāntyaphalajyā) -- R sine of the maximum correction due to mandocca
मन्दांश (mandāṃśa) -- The longitudes of the apogees of the planets in terms of degrees
मन्दोच्च (mandocca) -- Apogee or aphelion of a planet
मन्दोच्चकर्ण (mandoccakarṇa) -- Hypotenuse associated with mandocca
मन्दोच्चफल (mandoccaphala) -- Correction due to planet's mandocca
मन्वन्तर (manvantara) -- A cosmological time span equal to seventy-one mahāyugas or 306,720,000 years
महायुग (mahāyuga) -- A cosmological time span equal to 4,320,000 years
मही (mahī) -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
माणैक्यार्ध (māṇaikyārdha) -- Sum of the radii of the eclipsing and the eclipsed bodies
मास (māsa) -- Month
मीन (mīna) -- Sign Pisces
मीमांसा (mīmāṃsā) -- The Vedāṅga of philosophical investigation of scripture; a division of Indian philosophy
मुख (mukha) -- Face, top-side of an object or figure with more than three sides, especially the top or shorter/parallel side of a trapezium
मुहूर्त (muhūrta) -- A time unit equal to one-thirtieth of a day
मूल (mūla) -- 1. Square root. 2. Base text (on which an expository commentary is written)
मृग (mṛga) -- Sign Capricorn
मेष (meṣa) -- Sign Aries
मैत्र (maitra) -- The nakṣatra, Anurādhā which is presided over by Mitra
मोक्ष (mokṣa) -- The separation of the eclipsed body after an eclipse, the last contact, or the end of the eclipse
याम्य (yāmya) -- 1. The south direction which is presided over by Yama. 2. The southern hemisphere (yāmyagola). 3. The nakṣatra, Bhariṇi that is presided over by Yama
याम्योत्तर (yāmyottaraa (yāmyottaravṛtta or yāmyottaramaṇḍala) -- The local meridian
यावत्तावत् (yāvattāvat) -- In algebra, an unknown quantity; abbr. as yā; (lit., as much as so much)
युग (yuga) -- 1. A calendar intercalation cycle. 2. A cosmological time interval, especially a mahāyuga. 3. A period of 4,320,000 years
युत (yuta) -- Added; abbr. as yu in algebra
युति (yuti) -- 1. Union 2. Junction
योग (yoga) -- 1. An interval of time during which the combined motions of the Sun and Moon add up to 13° 20'; (lit., sum) 2. Conjunction in longitudes of two heavenly bodies. 3. Addition
योगतारा (yogatārā) -- Junction-stars, being the prominent stars of the twenty-seven nakṣatras used by the Hindu astronomers for the study of the conjunction of the planets, especially of the Moon with them.
योगभाग (yogabhāga) -- The degree of longitudes of the junction-stars
योजन (yojana) -- 1. A unit of distance, probably somewhere between five and ten kilometres. 2. A unit of distance. 8000 × 4 cubits. The length of a yojana has differed at different times. The yojana of Āryabhaṭa I and Bhāskara I is roughly equivalent to 7½ miles
योजनकर्ण (yojanakarṇa) -- The distance of a planet in terms of yojanas
योजनव्यास (yojanavyāsa) -- The diameter in terms of yojanas
रज्जु (rajju) -- Perimeter
रवि (ravi) -- The Sun
रविकर्ण (ravikarṇa) -- Distance of the Sun from Earth
रविभगण (ravibhagaṇa) -- Revolutions of the Sun
रविमास (ravimāsa) -- Solar month
रविवर्ष (ravivarṣa) -- Solar Year
राशि (rāśi) -- Zodiacal sign or 30 °
राहुबिम्ब (rāhubimba) -- Diameter of the shadow cone of the Earth at the lunar orbit
रुण्ड (ruṇḍa) -- Breadth (of an annular ring)
रूप (rūpa) -- 1. Known number; unity; abbr. as rū in algebra
लक्षज्या (lakṣajyā) -- Sine, R sine when R = 120 units
लग्न (lagna) -- The rising point of the ecliptic i.e., orient ecliptic point.
लघुज्या (laghujyā) -- Calculations of R sine of arcs of 10°
लघ्वहर्गण (laghvahargaṇa) -- Civil days between the end of one solar year and any date in the current year
लङ्का (laṅkā) -- The hypothetical place on the equator where the meridian of Ujjain intersects it, i.e., place with 0° longitude and 0° latitude
लङ्कोदय (laṅkodaya) -- Time of rising of the Signs at Laṅkā, i.e., right ascensions of the Signs
लम्ब(क) (lamba(ka)) -- 1. The R cosine of the colatitude 2. perpendicular/altitude/vertical of a figure
लम्बकगुण (lambakaguṇa) -- The R sine of the colatitude
लम्बज्या (lambajyā) -- The R sine of the colatitude
लम्बन (lambana) -- Parallax in longitude; or, in particular, the difference between the parallaxes in longitude of the Sun and the Moon
लम्बांश (lambāṃśa) -- Colatitude in degrees
लिप्त (lipta) -- Minute of an arc
लिप्ताशेष (liptāśeṣa) -- The residue of the minute
वक्र (vakra) -- Retrograde motion
वज्रभास (vajrabhāsa) -- Cross-multiplication
वर्ग (varga) -- 1. Square, in arithmetic or geometry; abbr. as va in algebra. 2. The first twenty-five consonants in the Sanskrit alphabet
वर्ण (varṇa) -- lit., colour. 1. One of the four major divisions of humanity in Hinduism. 2. A way of designating unknown quantities in algebra; different unknowns are referred to by the names of different colours
वर्षाधिप (varṣādhipa) -- Lord of the year
वलन (valana) -- (lit. deflection) valana relates to an eclipsed body. It is the angle subtended at the body by the arc joining the north point of the celestial horizon and the north pole of the ecliptic (i.e., the angle between the circle of position and the circle of celestial longitude of the eclipsed body). valana is generally divided into two components: 1. akṣavalana and 2. ayanavalana. The akṣavalana is the angle subtended at the body by the arc joining the north point of the celestial horizon and the north pole of the celestial equator (i.e., the angle between the circle of position and the hour circle of the eclipsed body). The ayanavalana is the angle subtended at the body by the arc joining the north poles of the equator and the ecliptic (i.e., the angle between the hour circle and the circle of celestial longitudes of the eclipsed body). The valana is also defined as follows: The Great circle of which the eclipsed body is the pole is called the horizon of the eclipsed body. Suppose that the prime vertical, equator and the ecliptic intersect the horizon of the eclipsed body at the points A, B, and C respectively, towards the east of the eclipsed body. The the arc AB is called the akṣavalana, the arc BC is called ayanavalana, and the arc AC is called valana. valana is also called spaṣṭavalana
वलयाकारक्षेत्र (valayākārakṣetra) -- Figure shaped like an annulus or ring
वसुधा (vasudhā) -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
वाक्य (vākya) -- A celestial longitude value encoded in alphanumeric notation; (lit., sentence)
वार (vāra) -- Day
वासव (vāsava) -- The nakṣatra, Dhaniṣṭhā which is presided over by Vasu
विक्षिप्ति (vikṣipti) -- Celestial latitude
विक्षेप (vikṣepa) -- Celestial latitude
विक्षेपज्या (vikṣepajyā) -- The R sine of celestial latitude
विक्षेपमण्डल (vikṣepamaṇḍala) -- Orbit of the planet
विक्षेपलिप्तिका (vikṣepaliptikā) -- The minutes of celestial latitude
विक्षेपांष (vikṣepāṁṣa) -- The degrees of celestial latitude
वित्रिभ (vitribha) -- Nonagesimal or the point of the ecliptic having a longitude 1° - 90° where 1 is the longitude of the point of intersection of the ecliptic with the horizon
विंदफल (viṃdaphala) -- Volume
विंदफल (viṃdaphala) -- Volume
विदिक्क (vidikka) -- Contrary direction
विनाडिका (vināḍikā) -- A unit of time, being one-sixth of a ghaṭikā equivalent to 24 seconds
विन्मण्डल (vinmaṇḍala) -- Orbit of planet
विपल (vipala) -- A unit of time, being one-sixth of a ghaṭikā equivalent to 24 seconds
विमर्दार्ध (vimardārdha) -- Half of the duration of totality of an an eclipse
वियत् (viyat) -- Zero
विलिप्ता (viliptā (also known as viliptikā) -- Second of an arc
विलोम (viloma) -- Retrograde
विलोमविवर (vilomavivara) -- Difference of two planets, one direct and the other retrograde
विवर (vivara) -- Difference
विशख (viśakha) -- The nakṡatra, Visākhā
विशेष (viśeṣa) -- The difference between diagonal and the side of a square, especially when expressed in terms of the side
विषम (viṣama) -- A quadrilateral with unequal sides; a cyclic quadrilateral
विषमचतुर्भुज (viṣamacaturbhuja) -- A quadrilateral with unequal sides; a cyclic quadrilateral
विषमत्रिभुज (viṣamatribhuja) -- A Scalene triangle
विषुवजीव (viṣuvajīva) -- R sine of latitude
विषुवत् (विषुवत् वृत्त) (viṣuvat (viṣuvat vṛtta) -- Celestial Equator
विषुवद्दिन (viṣuvaddina) -- The day of the equinox
विषुवद्दिनमध्याह्नच्छाया (viṣuvaddinamadhyāhnacchāyā -- The equinoctial midday shadow
विष्कम्भ (viṣkambha) -- Diameter
विष्कम्भचक्रवाल (viṣkambhacakravāla) -- Ellipse
विष्कम्भदल (viṣkambhadala) -- Semi-diameter, radius
विष्कम्भार्ध (viṣkambhārdha) -- Semi-diameter, radius
विस्तार (vistāra) -- Length or breadth
विस्तृति (vistṛti) -- Radius or diameter
वृति (vṛti) -- Perimeter
वृत्त (vṛtta) -- 1. Circle of its circumference. 2. Epicycle
वृत्तपरिणाह (vṛttapariṇāha) -- Circumference of a circle
वृत्तपरिधि (vṛttaparidhi) -- Circumference of a circle
वेग (vega) -- Velocity
वेदाङ्ग (Vedāṅga) -- One of the six limbs, or supporting disciplines, of the sacred Vedas
वेध (vedha) -- Depth
वैधृत (vaidhṛta) -- An astronomical phenomenon when the sum of the (true) longitudes of the Sun and the Moon amounts to a circle (i.e., 360° or 12 signs)
वैश्व (vaiśva) -- The nakṣatra, Uttarāṣāḍha that is presided over by Viśve Devāḥ
वैष्णव (vaiṣṇava) -- The nakṣatra, Śravaṇa that is presided over by Viṣṇu
व्यतिपात (vyatipāta) -- An astronomical phenomenon when the sum of the (true) longitudes of the Sun and the Moon amounts to half a circle (i.e.., 180° or 6 signs)
व्यास (vyāsa) -- 1. Diameter. 2. (sometimes) radius. 3. Breadth
व्यासदल (vyāsadala) -- Semi-diameter, radius
व्यासयोजन (vyāsayojana) -- Diameter in terms of yojanas
व्यासार्ध (vyāsārdha) -- Semi-diameter, radius
व्योम (vyoma) -- Zero
शकाब्द (śakābda) -- The year of Śaka era
शक्रतारकम् (śakratārakam) -- The nakṣatra, Jyeṣṭhā that is presided over by Indra (Śakra)
शङ्कवर्ग (śaṅkavarga) -- The distance of the projection of a heavenly body on the plane of the celestial horizon from the rising setting line of the heavenly body
शङ्कु (śaṅku) -- 1. Gnomon. 2. The R sine of the altitude of a heavenly body
शङ्कुवेध (śaṅkuvedha) -- Observations by the gnomon
शङ्खवृत्त (śaṅkhavṛtta) -- A figure resembling the longitudinal section of a conch-shell
शर (śara) -- 1. Arrow. 2. R versed sine. 3. Celestial latitude. 4. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
शशि (śaṣi) -- The Moon
शशिदिवस (चान्द्रदिन) (śaṣidivasa (cāndradina) -- Lunar day
शास्त्र (śāstra) -- Learned discipline, science
शीघ्र (śīghra) -- The inequality in a planet's orbital motion that depends on its position with respect to the Sun, analogous to synodic anomaly; (lit., fast)
शीघ्रकेन्द्र (śīghrakendra) -- The longitude of the planet's śīghrocca i.e., the apex of fastest motion, minus the longitude of the planet
शीघ्रकेन्द्र (śīghrakendra) -- The śīghra anomaly
शीघ्रगतिफल (śīghragatiphala) -- Second correction to mean motion of planet
शीघ्रपरिधि (śīghraparidhi) -- Circumference of the śīghra epicycle
शीघ्रफल (śīghraphala) -- Second correction to mean longitude
शीघ्रफलज्या (śīghraphalajyā) -- R sine of the second correction to mean longitude
शीघ्रवृत्त (śīghravṛtta) -- śīghra epicycle
शीघ्रशीघ्रोच्च (śīghraśīghrocca) -- śīghra epicycle
शीघ्रोच्च (śīghrocca) -- Apex of fastest motion, śīghra apogee
शीघ्रोच्चकर्ण (śīghroccakarṇa (also known as शीघ्रकर्ण śīghrakarṇa) -- It is equal to √ ( (R±Rsin(k))^2 +(Rsin(b))^2 ) ; where R=3438′, k is koṭi and b is bhuja due to śīghrakendra
शीघ्रोच्चफल (śīghroccaphala) -- Correction due to the planet's śīghrocca
शीज् (zīj) -- (Arabic, Persian) A set of tables and algorithms for astronomical computation in Islamic science
शुद्धि (śuddhi) -- 1. Gain of the lunar reckoning over the Solar at the beginning of the lunar year. 2. Mean heliocentric position; for superior planets, mean position of the Sun
शुन्य (śunya) -- Void
शुल्ब (śulba) -- A measuring cord; ritual geometry for altar construction
शृङ्गाटक (śṛṅgāṭaka) -- 1. Arrow. 2. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
शृङ्गोन्नति (śṛṅgonnati) -- 1. Triangle. 2. Some form of four-sided figure, tetrahedron
श्रुति (śruti) -- Sacred texts ascribed to divine revelation, such as the Vedas; (lit., hearing)
श्रेढीक्षेत्र (śreḍhīkṣetra) -- Diagrammatic representation of mathematical series
श्रोणि (śroṇi) -- A lower vertex of a quadrilateral or triangle
श्लोक (śloka) -- Verse, especially a verse in anuṣṭubha meter
षडश्रि (ṣaḍaśri) -- Tetrahedron
सकृत (sakṛta) -- By the application of the rule only once (i.e., without the application of the method of successive approximation)
सङ्क्रान्ति (saṅkrānti) -- 1. The moment when the Sun enters a zodiacal constellation (rāśi). 2. Last day of solar month
सन्धि (sandhi) -- The inter-space between the foot of an altitude and the foot of the flank-side from whose tip the altitude is drawn, usually in a quadrilateral
सपाटचन्द्र (sapāṭacandra) -- Longitude of the Moon with respect to the nearer node of the lunar orbit
सपाटसूर्य (sapāṭasūrya) -- Longitude of the Sun with respect to the nearer node of the lunar orbit
सम (sama) -- North point of the horizon
समकल (samakala) -- The planets are said to be samakala when they are either in conjunction or opposition in longitude
समकोष्ठमिति (samakoṣṭhamiti) -- Area, a measure equal to unit squares in a figure
समचक्रवाल (samacakravāla) -- Circle
समचतुर्भुज (samacaturbhuja) -- 1. Square or Rhombus. 2. Quadrilateral with all four sides equal
समदलकोटि (samadalakoṭi) -- Altitude
समपरिणाह (samapariṇāha) -- Circumference of a circle
समप्रोत (samaprota) -- Secondary to prime vertical
समबाहु (samabāhu) -- Equilateral figure
सममण्डल (samamaṇḍala (also known as sama vṛtta) -- The prime vertical
समरेखा (samarekhā) -- The meridian
समलिप्तेन्दु (samaliptendu) -- The longitude of the Moon for the time of opposition or conjunction of the Sun and the Moon
समशङ्कु (samaśaṅku) -- 1. R cosine of the zenith distance of the Sun when it is on the prime-vertical. 2. R sine of the altitude from prime vertical
समसूत्र (samasūtra) -- Secondary to the prime-vertical
समानलम्ब (samānalamba (or samalamba) -- A quadrilateral with the altitudes equal; trapezium
सम्पर्क (samparka) -- 1. The sum of the diameters of the two bodies in contact. 2. Used in the sense of the sum of the two diameters of the eclipsed and eclipsing bodies
सम्पर्कार्ध (samparkārdha (also known as samparkadala) -- Half the sum of the diameters of the eclipsed and eclipsing bodies
सम्पात (sampāta) -- Point of intersection
सम्पूर्वापरः शङ्कुः (sampūrvāparaḥ śaṅkuḥ) -- The R sine of the prime vertical altitude (of the Sun)
सर्वग्रास (sarvagrāsa) -- Total eclipse
सवनदिन (savanadina) -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
सवनह (savanaha) -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
सव्य (savya) -- Clockwise
संसर्प (saṃsarpa) -- An intercalary month preceding a kṣayamāsa
संस्कृत (saṃskṛta) -- Corrected
सायक (sāyaka) -- 1. Arrow. 2. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
सार्पमस्तक (sārpamastaka) -- Name of an astronomical phenomenon, one of the vyatipātas
सावनमास (sāvanamāsa) -- 30 civil days
सित (sita) -- 1. The measure of the illuminated part of the Moon's disc; the phase of the Moon. 2. The light half of the lunar month (sitapakṣa). 3. Venus
सितपक्ष (sitapakṣa) -- The light or bright half of a lunar month
सितमान (sitamāna) -- The measure of the illuminated part of the Moon's disc
सिद्धान्त (siddhānta) -- Technical treatise; in particular, a comprehensive treatise on astronomy
सूची (sūcī) -- The inner, outer or middle diameter of an annular ring
सूचीक्षेत्र (sūcīkṣetra) -- 1. Triangle got by producing the flanks of a quadrilateral till they meet. 2. The pyramid or cone got by producing the lateral faces of the frustum of a pyramid or cone
सूत्र (sūtra) -- A rule or algorithm; (lit., thread)
सोम (soma) -- A ritual beverage used in some ancient Vedic sacrifices
सौम्य (saumya) -- 1. North. The northern (hemisphere). 2. Mercury
सौरदिन (sauradina) -- Solar day
सौरमास (sauramāsa) -- 1. Time taken by the Sun to traverse each of the zodiacal constellations (rāśi). 2. Solar month
सौरसंवत्सर (saurasaṃvatsara) -- Solar year
सौरसंवर्ष (saurasaṃvarṣa) -- Solar year
सौरि (sauri) -- Saturn
स्थित्यर्ध (sthityardha) -- Half the duration (of an eclipse)
स्थित्यर्धनाडिका (sthityardhanāḍikā) -- Half the duration (of an eclipse) in terms of nāḍīs
स्थूल (sthūla) -- Gross, approximate
स्पर्श (sparśa) -- First contact of an eclipse
स्फुट (sphuṭa) -- True or corrected
स्फुटक्रान्ति (sphuṭakrānti) -- Declination of planet's centre
स्फुटग्रह (sphuṭagraha) -- True planet
स्फुटभुक्ति (sphuṭabhukti) -- True (daily) motion
स्फुटभूपरिधि (sphuṭabhūparidhi) -- Circumference of the Earth measure parallel to the equator at a specified latitude
स्फुटभोग (sphuṭabhoga) -- True motion
स्फुटमध्य (sphuṭamadhya) -- 1. True mean motion of a planet. 2. The true-mean planet. 3. The true-mean longitude of a planet
स्फुटयोजनकर्ण (sphuṭayojanakarṇa) -- The true distance of a planet in terms of yojanas
स्फुटलम्बन (sphuṭalambana) -- Parallax in longitude; or, in particular, the difference between the parallaxes in longitude of the Sun and the Moon
स्फुटविक्षेप (sphuṭavikṣepa) -- Celestial latitude corrected by parallax
स्फुटवृत्त (sphuṭavṛtta) -- True or corrected epicycle
स्मृति (smṛti) -- Sacred texts ascribed to human authorship; (lit., remembering)
स्वदेशभूमिवृत्त (svadeśabhūmivṛtta) -- The local circumference of the Earth, i.e., circumference of the local circle of latitude
स्वदेशभोदय (svadeśabhodaya) -- Time of rising of the zodiacal signs at the local place, or oblique ascensions of the zodiacal signs
स्वदेशाक्ष (svadeśākṣa) -- The latitude of the local place
स्वदेशोदय (svadeśodaya) -- Time of rising of the zodiacal signs at the local place, or oblique ascensions of the zodiacal signs
स्हिघ्रकेन्द्रकोटिज्या (shighrakendrakoṭijyā) -- R cosine of the śīghra anomaly
स्हिघ्रकेन्द्रज्या (shighrakendrajyā) -- R sine of the śīghra anomaly
हरिज (harija) -- Horizon
हस्त (hasta) -- Cubit, measure of length
हऽय (ha'ya) -- (Arabic) Islamic astronomy, particularly its geometric models
हृति (hṛti) -- Hypotenuse
हृत् (hṛt) -- Circum-radius
हृदय (hṛdaya) -- Circum-radius
हृदयरज्जु (hṛdayarajju) -- Circum-radius
होरा (horā) -- Unit of time equivalent to 1/24th of one day and night period