गणितशब्दावली
अक्ष -- Latitude - The term akṣa is an abbreviation of the complete term, akṣonnati, meaning the inclination of the Earth's axis to the plane of the celestial horizon, i.e., the latitude of the place
अक्षजीवा -- R sine of latitude
अक्षज्या -- R sine of latitude
अक्षांशः -- Local latitude in degrees
अक्ष्णयारज्जु -- The diagonal chord of rectangle or a square
अग्रा -- Amplitude at rising i.e., the arc of the celestial horizon lying between the east point where the heavenly body concerned rises; or the R sine thereof (sometimes called agrājyā), which is equal to the distance between the east-west line and the rising-setting of the heavenly body concerned
अङ्गुलम् -- 1. Digit, as a unit of linear measure (finger-breadth). 2. Unit of length, 1/24th of a cubit
अधिदिनम् -- Intercalary day
अधिमासः(क) -- Intercalary month; the intercalary months denote the excess the lunar (synodic) months over the solar months and thus the intercalary months in a yuga are the lunar months minus the solar months in the yuga
अधिमासशेषः -- Residue relating to the intercalary month, adhimāsa
अधिवर्ष -- Twelve intercalary months
अनादेश्यग्रहणम् -- The eclipse that are not to be predicted
अनुलोम -- Direct or anticlockwise
अनुष्टुप् -- A Sanskrit verse meter consisting of four quarter-verses of eight syllables each
अन्त्यज्या -- The current R sine difference, i.e., the R sine difference corresponding to the elementary arc occupied by a planet In Hindu trigonometry, the quadrant of a circle is divided into 24 equal parts called elementary arcs.
अन्त्यफलम् -- Maximum correction due to the mandocca or śīghrocca
अन्त्यफलज्या -- R sine of the maximum correction
अपक्रमः -- 1. Greatest declination. 2. Declination
अपक्रममण्डलम् -- Ecliptic
अपमा -- Declination
अपमण्डलम् -- Ecliptic
अमावस्या -- Day of conjunction of Sun and Moon i.e., New Moon day
अयतम् -- Rectangle
आयतचतुर्भुजम् -- Rectangle
अयतवृत्त -- Ellipse
अयनम् -- Northward or southward motion of a planet
अयनांशः -- Arc of the ecliptic intercepted between the vernal equinox and the zero point (as set by the Indian tradition)
अर्काग्रा -- Sun's amplitude at rising, or the R sine thereof
अर्ध -- Half
अर्धज्या -- R sine
अवनतिः -- Moon's true latitude as corrected for parallax
अवमरात्र -- Omitted lunar days or omitted tithis
अवमशेष -- Residue of the omitted lunar days or omitted tithis
अवमदिनम् -- Omitted lunar days or omitted tithis
अविशेषकलाकर्णः -- The distance (lit., hypotenuse) of a planet measured in minutes and obtained by the method of successive approximations
अंशः -- 1. Degree. 2. Part. 3. An upper vertex of a quadrilateral.
अश्वयुक् -- Month of Aśvina,
असकृत्कर्म -- Method of successive approximations
असवः -- Asus of the right ascension or the time in the asus of rising at the equator
असित -- 1. asita pakṣa i.e., the dark half of a lunar (synodic) month. 2. The measure of the unilluminated part of the Moon
असुः -- A unit of time equal to four sidereal seconds
अस्तः -- The setting of a heavenly body
अस्तमयः -- Diurnal or heliacal setting
अस्तमयोदयसूत्रम् -- R sine setting line
अस्तलग्नम् -- The setting point of the ecliptic
अहर्गणः -- 1. The number of days accumulated between a given epoch date and some desired date. 2. The number of mean civil days elapsed since the beginning of Kaliyuga (or any other epoch)
अहोरात्रम् -- 1. A day and night, a nychthemeron. 2. The day radius i.e., the radius of the diurnal circle
अहोरात्रवृत्तम् -- Diurnal circle
अहोरात्रार्धविष्कम्भ -- Semi-diameter of the diurnal circle (of a heavenly body, particularly the Sun) i.e., the day radius.
अहोरात्रासु -- The number of asus in a day and night i.e., 21600
आक्षदृक्कर्म -- Visibility correction due to local latitude
आबाधा (or अवबाधा, अवधा, अबधा, बधा) -- Segment of the base of triangle produced by the altitude on it; the projection of any slanting side on the horizontal
आयनदृक्कर्म -- Visibility correction due to ecliptic longitude
आयाम -- Breadth of an object; sometimes, length as opposed to breadth
इन्दुआत -- Ascending node of the Moon
इन्दूच्च -- The Moon's apogee i.e., the remotest point of the Moon's orbit
इल्लम् -- (Malayalam) Among Brāhmaṇas in Kerala, a family residence or estate
इषु -- 1. Arrow. 2. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
इष्ट -- 1. Given, desired or chosen at pleasure. 2. iṣṭagraha i.e., desired or given planet
इष्ठशङ्कु -- R cosine of the zenith distance of the Sun in any arbitrary position
उच्च -- The ucca of a planet is of two kinds - (a) mandocca i.e., the apex of slowest motion and (b) śīghrocca i.e., the apex of fastest motion
उच्चनीचपरिवर्त -- Anomalistic or synodic revolutions
उच्चनीचवृत्त -- Epicycle
उच्छ्रय (or उच्छ्रिति) -- Height of an object
उत्क्रमण (also known as उत्क्रमज्या) -- R versed sine
उत्तरायण -- Sun's northward journey from winter solstice to summer solstice
उत्वृत्त -- Equatorial horizon
उत्वृत्तशङ्कु -- R cosine of the zenith distance of the Sun as seen from a place on the equatorial horizon
उत्सेध -- Height of an object
उदगयन (उत्तरायण) -- Sun's northward journey from winter solstice to summer solstice
उदग्गोल -- Northern Hemisphere
उदय -- 1. The rising of a planet on the eastern horizon. 2. Heliacal rising of a planet. 3. udaya lagna i.e., the rising point of the ecliptic. 4. Addition, as in kṣayodayau i.e., subtraction and addition
उदयजीवा (also known as उदयज्या) -- R sine amplitude of the rising point of the ecliptic
उदयास्त-सुत्र -- 1. Straight line joining the rising and setting points of a celestial body on a horizontal diameter. 2. Line of intersection of diurnal circle and horizon
उदयास्तमय -- Heliacal rising and setting
उदिचि -- North-South line
उन्नतकाल -- 1. Time elapsed after the rising of a celestial body. 2. Distance from the horizon in time
उन्नतांश -- Complement of the zenith distance, or the R sine of that called unnatāṃśajyā
उन्मण्डल -- 1. Equatorial horizon. 2. Six o'clock circle
उपवृत्त -- A small circle parallel to the prime-vertical
उभयतःप्रौग -- Double Isosceles triangle; rhombus
उर्वी -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
ऋक्कर्म -- Visibility corrections. There are three visibility corrections: (a) akṣadṛkkarma which is the measure of the arc of the ecliptic lying between the hour circle and the circle of position of the planet concerned, (b) ayanadṛkkarma which is measured by the arc of the ecliptic lying between the circle of celestial longitude and the hour circle of planet concerned and (c) a correction of 48' to be subtracted from the Moon's longitude or added to it according as the Moon is in the eastern or western hemispheres. These corrections having been applied to the true longitude of a planet, we obtain the longitude of that point of the ecliptic that rises on the local horizon simultaneously with the actual planet
ऋजुभुज -- Rectilinear figure
ऋण -- Subtracted, negative
ऋतु -- Season
कक्ष्या -- Orbit
कक्ष्यामण्डल (अल्सो क्नोwन् अस् कक्षवृत्त) -- Mean orbit of planet, deferent of concentric
कटपयादि -- An alphanumeric notational system for verbally representing numerals
कदम्ब -- Pole of the ecliptic
कदम्बप्रत -- Secondary to the ecliptic
कदम्बसूत्र -- Secondary to the ecliptic
करण -- 1. A handbook for astronomical computation or astronomical manual. 2. A time unit equal to half a tithi or the time during which the Moon gains 6° over the Sun 3. The name of one of the five principal elements of the Hindu calendar
करणी -- 1. A surd or non-square number; (lit., making). 2. The side of a rectilinear figure; the side of a square or rectangle. 3. The maker or producer of the required area.
कर्ण -- 1. Hypotenuse, lateral side. 2. Distance of planet from Earth
कला -- A time unit equal to one-sixtieth of a muhūrta. 2. In the Jyotiṣa vedāṅga, a time unit equal to 201/20 of a ghaṭikā. 3. Minute of Arc
कलार्धजा -- The 24 R sine differences in terms of minutes
कलियुग -- The last of the four ages in a mahāyuga, equal to 432,000 years. Indian cosmology holds that the current Kaliyuga began on 18 February 3102 BCE
कल्प -- 1. A lifetime of the universe, conventionally equal to 4,320,000,000 years. 2. A period of 1000 yugas. 3.The Vedāṅga of ritual practice
कालांश -- Degrees indicating time
काह -- A day of Brahmā known as a Kalpa
कु -- 1. Earth. 2. Base of a triangle
कुज -- Mars
कुज्या -- Earth-sine. The distance between the rising-setting line and the line joining the points of intersection of the diurnal circle and the six o'clock circle, or the R sine thereof
कुवायु -- Terrestrial wind
कूदिन -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
कृति -- Square
कृत्तिका -- The nakṣatra of Kṛttikā
केन्द्र -- 1. Anomaly. The kendra is of two kinds, mandakendra and śīghrakendra. The mandakendra of a planet is equal to the 'longitude of the planet minus the longitude of the planet's mandocca i.e., the planet's apogee', where as the śīghrakendra of a planet is equal to the longitude of the planet's śīghrocca i.e., the apex of fastest motion, minus the longitude of the planet. 2. Centre
कोटि (कोटी) -- 1. Vertical/perpendicular side of right-angled triangle. 2. Complement of the bhuja
कोटिज्या -- Cosine, R cosine
कोटिफल -- The result obtained by multiplying the R sine of the koṭi due to the planet's kendra by the tabulated epicycle and dividing the product by 80
कोण -- Angle, corner
कोणमण्डल (कोणवृत्त) -- Intermediary vertical circle
कोणशन्कु -- 1. R cosine of the zenith distance of the Sun when the azimuth measured from the East-West line is 45°. 2. R sine of the altitude from the intermediary vertical circle, koṇavṛtta
कोणशन्कुतल -- Base of the koṇaśanku
कोष्ठक -- A set of tables for astronomical computation
क्रम -- Serial order
क्रमज्या -- 1. Sine or Chord; (lit. bowstring.) 2. R sine (Radius × Sine). The R sine difference corresponding to the twenty four equal divisions of a quadrant
क्रान्ति -- Declination
क्रान्तिज्या -- R sine of the declination of a celestial body
क्रान्तिमण्डल -- Ecliptic
क्रिय -- The zodiacal sign, Aries
क्वावर्त -- Rotations of the Earth
क्षयमास (अंहस्पतिमास) -- A candramāsa lost in the process of intercalation
क्षययह (उनह) -- A lost tithi or a tithi containing two consecutive Sunrises
क्षितिच्छाया -- Earth's shadow
क्षितिज -- 1. Mars. 2. Horizon (kṣitija vṛtta)
क्षितिजा (also known as क्षितिज्या) -- Earth-sine. The distance between the rising-setting line and the line joining the points of intersection of the diurnal circle and the six o'clock circle, or the R sine thereof
क्षिप्ति -- Celestial latitude
क्षिप्तिलिप्तिकाः -- The minutes of the celestial latitude
क्षेत्र -- Closed figure
क्षेत्रगणित -- Geometry
क्षेत्रफल -- Area
क्षेप -- 1. Additive or subtractive quantity/correction. 2. Celestial latitude, see under vikṣepa
ख -- 1. Void. 2. Sky
खगोल -- Sphere of the sky
खण्डग्रहण -- Partial eclipse
खमध्य -- Middle of the sky
खातफल -- Volume of a pit or excavation
गच्छ -- In Jainism, a lineage of teachers and pupils
गणित -- 1. Computation, calculation; mathematics in general. 2. The mathematical component of astronomy and astrology
गत -- Traversed, elapsed, past, preceding
गति -- Motion, generally used in the sense of daily motion of the planets
गत्यन्तर -- Motion-difference
गन्तव्य -- To be traversed; to come, succeeding
गुणक -- Multiplier
गुर्वक्षर -- Long syllable
गुर्वब्द -- Jovian year
गोत्र -- Among Brāhmaṇas, a lineage tracing its descent to one of the legendary sages of Hinduism
गोल -- 1. Sphere. 2. Celestial sphere. 3. Hemisphere; northern or southern hemispheres 4. Spherics
गोलयन्त्र -- Automatic sphere-model of the bhagola
ग्रह -- Planet
ग्रहक्षितिज -- A great circle whose poles are situated at a planet
ग्रहण -- Eclipse
ग्रहणमध्य -- Middle of the Eclipse
ग्रास -- 1. Measure of the eclipse. 2. Erosion by overlapping. 3. Common portion of two intersecting circles; the largest width thereof
ग्राहक -- The eclipsing body; the eclipser
ग्राहकार्ध -- Half the diameter of the eclipsing body
ग्राह्य -- The eclipsed body
ग्राह्यबिम्ब -- The disc of the eclipsed body
ग्राह्यमण्डल -- The centre of the eclipsed body
घटिका (अल्सो क्नोwन् अस् घटी), -- 1. A time unit equal to one-sixtieth of a day, 24 minutes
घटी -- A unit of time equal to 24 minutes
घनगोल -- Solid sphere
घनफल -- Volume
घनभूमध्य -- Earth's centre
घात -- Product; multiplication
घातक्षेत्र -- Diagrammatic representation of a multiplication product
चक्र -- 1. Circle. 2. Twelve signs or 360°
चक्रलिप्ता -- The number of minutes of arc in a circle, i.e., 21600
चक्रवालवृत्त -- Annulus
चक्रार्ध -- Half of a circle, i.e., 180°
चतुरस्र -- Quadrilateral square
चतुष्कोन -- Quadrilateral
चन्द्रकर्ण -- Distance of the Moon from the Earth
चन्द्रभगण -- Revolutions of the Moon
चन्द्रह -- Time taken by the Moon to overtake the Sun by 12° beginning from the zero point of the ecliptic (as set by the Indian tradition)
चन्द्रोच्च -- Moon's apogee
चर -- Ascensional difference. It is defined by the arc of the celestial equator lying between the six o'clock circle and the hour circle of a heavenly body at rising
चरजीवार्ध -- The R sine of the ascensional difference
चरज्या -- The R sine of the ascensional difference
चरदल -- Ascensional difference. It is defined by the arc of the celestial equator lying between the six o'clock circle and the hour circle of a heavenly body at rising
चरपाण -- The asus of ascensional difference
चरफल -- Correction due to ascensional difference
चरसंस्कार -- Latitude correction in the celestial longitude of a planet
चरासु -- The asus of ascensional difference
चलकेन्द्र -- The longitude of the planet's śīghrocca i.e., the apex of fastest motion, minus the longitude of the planet
चलकेन्द्रफल -- Correction due to the planet's śīghrocca
चलोच -- Apex of fastest motion.
चान्द्रमास (सषिमास) -- Lunar month or Lunation
चान्द्रवर्श -- Twelve lunar months
चाप -- Arc
चापक्षेत्र -- Segment
चापज्यार्ध (ज्या) -- R sine
चापभाग -- An element of arc of elementary arc, i.e., one of the twenty four equal divisions of a quadrant. The R sine differences for these have been tabulated by Aryābhaṭa I
चापित -- Converted into (or reduced to) the corresponding arc
चैत्र -- The name of the first month of the year
छन्दस् -- Prosody or poetic metrics. One of the six Vedāṅgas
छाया -- 1. Shadow. 2. The R sine of the zenith distance
छायाकर्ण -- Hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle formed with the gnomon and the gnomonic shadow cast by the Sun, being the other two sides
छायाभुज -- Length of the perpendicular from the end of the gnomic shadow to the East-West line
जन्य -- Rational right triangle or rectangle from which other rational figures are to be obtained; a figure with rational sides
जातक -- Genethlialogy; the practice or study of casting nativity horoscopes
जाति -- Hereditary social and occupational group, often translated caste
जात्य -- A rational right-angled triangle or any rectilinear figure with rational sides
जिवाभुक्ति -- True daily motion derived with the help of the table of R sine differences
जीवा -- 1. Sine or Chord; (lit. bowstring.) 2. R sine
जूक -- Sign Libra
ज्ञाति -- Hereditary social and occupational group, sometimes a subdivision of jāti and sometimes synonymous with it
ज्या -- 1. Sine or Chord; (lit. bowstring.) 2. R sine (Radius × Sine). The R sine difference corresponding to the twenty four equal divisions of a quadrant
ज्यार्ध (ज्या) -- R sine
ज्योतिष -- Astronomy and astrology. One of the six Vedāṅgas
तन्त्र -- A type of astronomical treatise
तम(स्) -- Section of Earth's shadow cone at the Moon's distance
तमोमूर्ति -- The Moon's ascending node
तमोविष्कम्भ -- Diameter of shadow, i.e., diameter of the Earth's shadow cone at the Moon's distance
ताजिक -- An Islamic form of horoscopic astrology
तात्कालिक -- momentary, instantaneous; (lit., at that time)
ताराग्रह -- Star planets, i.e., the planets Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn
ताराग्रहस् -- Planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
तिथि -- A lunar day, or one-thirtieth of a synodic month
तिर्यण्मानी -- 1. The transverse side of a quadrilateral, the horizontal side. 2. The transverse measurer
तुला -- Sign Libra
तुल्यचतुर्भुज -- 1. Square or Rhombus. 2. Quadrilateral with all four sides equal
त्रिज्या (also known as त्रिभज्या) -- Radius or 3438', literally the R sine of the three signs (or an arc of 90°)
त्रिभुज -- Triangle
त्रिसम -- 1. Equilateral triangle. 2. Trapezium with three equal sides
त्रैराशिक -- Rule of three quantities, simple proportion
त्र्यस्र -- Triangle, more specifically a right-triangle
दक्षिणायन -- Sun's southward motion from summer solstice to winter solstice
दण्ड -- A punctuation mark in the form of a vertical stroke
दर्शनसंस्कार -- Visibility corrections. There are three visibility corrections: (a) akṣadṛkkarma which is the measure of the arc of the ecliptic lying between the hour circle and the circle of position of the planet concerned, (b) ayanadṛkkarma which is measured by the arc of the ecliptic lying between the circle of celestial longitude and the hour circle of planet concerned and (c) a correction of 48' to be subtracted from the Moon's longitude or added to it according as the Moon is in the eastern or western hemispheres. These corrections having been applied to the true longitude of a planet, we obtain the longitude of that point of the ecliptic that rises on the local horizon simultaneously with the actual planet
दिक्ज्या -- R sine of the azimuth measured from the East point
दिन -- Day
दिनगण -- 1. The number of days accumulated between a given epoch date and some desired date. 2. The number of mean civil days elapsed since the beginning of Kaliyuga (or any other epoch)
दिनगत -- Time of day passed/elapsed
दिनदलान्त्या -- āntyā at midday
दिनशेष -- Time until sunset
दिनान्तोदयलग्न -- The rising point of the ecliptic at Sunset
दिनार्ध -- Half day
दृक्क्षेप -- 1. Ecliptic zenith distance or its R sine. Thus, the dṛkkṣepa is the zenith distance of that point of a planet's orbit which is the shortest distance from the zenith. This term is sometimes also used fro the R sine of that zenith distance. 2. The arc measuring on vertical to ecliptic between the zenith and the nonagesimal point
दृक्क्षेपज्या -- The R sine of the dṛkkṣepa
दृक्क्षेपमण्डल -- 1. Vertical circle through the central ecliptic point. 2. Secondary to ecliptic passing through the zenith
दृक्च्गाया -- Parallax
दृक्ज्या -- R sine of the zenith distance in any position
दृक्लम्बन -- Parallax in zenith distance
दृग्गति -- Arc of the ecliptic between the Sun or Moon and the celestial ecliptic point or its R sine value
दृग्गतिज्या -- R sine of dṛggati
दृग्गोल -- Visible celestial sphere
दृग्ज्या -- R sine of Meridian zenith distance or simply, the R sine of the zenith distance
दृङ्मण्डल -- 1. Vertical circle. 2. Circle passing through zenith and the planet
देशन्तर -- 1. The longitude of a place. It is either the distance of the place from the prime meridian or the difference between the local and standard times. 2. Longitudinal correction in the celestial longitude of a planet
देशन्तरघटी -- deśāntara, in ghaṭīs of the difference between the local and standard times
देशान्तरफल -- Correction due to the difference in longitude
दोर्ज्या -- R sine of longitude
द्युज्या -- 1. R cosine of the declination of a celestial body. 2. Radius of diurnal circle
द्युज्यामण्डल -- Diurnal circle
द्युज्यावृत्त -- Diurnal circle
द्युदलशन्कु -- R sine altitude at midday
द्यूगण -- 1. The number of days accumulated between a given epoch date and some desired date. 2. The number of mean civil days elapsed since the beginning of Kaliyuga (or any other epoch)
द्विसमभुज -- Isosceles triangle
धनु -- Arc
धनुःकाष्ठ -- Arc; (lit., bow-stick)
धनुर्भाग -- The element of arc or elementary arc, i.e., one of the twenty four equal divisions of a quadrant. The R sine differences for these have been tabulated by Aryābhaṭa I
धरा -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
धर्म -- The Hindu doctrine of sacred law or righteousness; the moral and religious duties prescribed for humans
ध्रुव -- Pole of the celestial equator
ध्रुवप्रोत -- Secondary to the celestial equator
ध्रुवप्रोतवृत्त -- Declination circle
ध्रुवयष्टि -- Polar axis
ध्रुवसूत्र -- Declination circle
नक्षत्र -- 1. One of the twenty-seven or twenty-eight constellations that lie in the orbital path of the Moon. 2. An arc of the ecliptic with length 13° 20' , associated with one of the above mentioned lunar constellations. 3. An interval of time during which the Moon traverses an arc of 13° 20'. 4. Asterism
नक्षत्रदिवस (नक्षत्रदिन) -- Sidereal day
नक्षत्रमास -- Sidereal month
नतकाल -- Hour-angle measured in time
नतकालकोटिज्या -- R cosine of hour-angle
नतकालज्या -- R sine of hour-angle
नतकालेत्क्रमज्या -- R versed sine of hour-angle
नतज्या -- R sine of zenith distance
नतभाग -- Meridian zenith distance
नतभागज्या (नतज्या) -- R sine of zenith distance
नतांश -- Zenith distance
नति -- 1. Meridian zenith distance or the R sine of that. 2. Difference between the parallaxes in latitude of the Sun and the Moon i.e., latitudinal parallax
नभ -- Zero
नर -- Gnomon
नागरी (also called देव-नागरी) -- The name of the script most commonly used to write Sanskrit
नाडी -- Unit of time equivalent to 24 minutes
नाडीवलय -- Celestial equator
निरक्षजाः (असवः) -- Asus of the right ascension or the time in the asus of rising at the equator
निर्गम -- Annulus
नीच -- Perigee of epicycle or the the eccentric of the planet
नीचोच्चरेखा -- Line of apse
नीचोच्चवृत्त -- Epicycle
नीचोच्चवृत्त -- Epicycle
नेमि -- Part of an annulus
पक्ष -- 1. A school or faction. 2. One side of an equation; (lit., wing or side.) 3. Lunar fortnight, i.e., the period from new Moon to full Moon or from full Moon to new Moon. The period from new Moon to full Moon is called the light fortnight (or the light half of a lunar month - śuklapakṣa) and that from full Moon to new Moon is called the dark fortnight (or the dark half of a lunar month - kṛṣṇapakṣa)
पञ्चाङ्ग -- A yearly calendar tracking the succession of various civil, liturgical, and astronomical time units
पदभा -- A gnomon shadow measured in units of feet; (lit., foot-shadow)
परकर्ण -- Third diameter of a cyclic quadrilateral obtainable by interchanging a pair of adjacent sides
परमक्रान्ति -- Greatest declination of the Sun, i.e., the obliquity of the ecliptic
परमक्षिप्ति -- Greatest celestial latitude of the Moon, i.e., inclination of he Moon's orbit
परमापक्रम -- Greatest declination, obliquity of the ecliptic
परमापक्रमगुणः -- The R sine of the Sun's greatest declination
परमापक्रमजीवा -- R sine of the greatest declination
परशङ्कु (also known as परमशङ्कु) -- R sine of the greatest altitude, i.e., R sine of the meridian altitude
परिणाह -- Periphery, circumference
परिधि -- Circumference
परिमण्डल -- Ellipse or Circle
परिलेख -- 1. Diagram. 2. Projection of eclipse
परिवर्त -- Revolution
पर्व -- 1. Time of conjunction or opposition of the Sun and the Moon. 2. Full Moon or the new Moon tithi. 3. An eclipse of the Sun and the Moon.
पर्वनाडी -- The nāḍīs of the full Moon or new Moon tithi (also called parva) which are to elapse at Sunrise on that day. In other words, the time in nāḍīs which is to elapse at Sunrise before the time of conjunction or opposition of the Sun and the Moon
पल -- 1. Latitude. 2. Unit of time equivalent to 24 seconds
पलकर्ण -- Hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle formed with the gnomon and the equinoctial shadow being the other two sides
पलज्या -- The R sine of the latitude
पलभ -- Equinoctial shadow of the gnomon at noon
पश्चार्ध -- The western half
पात -- 1. An astrologically significant event when the longitudes of the Sun and Moon add up to 180° or 360° (equivalently 6 or 12 zodiacal signs). 2. The ascending node of a planet's orbit on the ecliptic. 3. The circumference cum in-centre cum ortho-centre of an equilateral triangle
पातभाग -- The degree of longitude of the ascending node
पातरेखा -- The perpendiculars on the base and top of a trapezium fro the the point of intersection of its diagonals
पाती -- Arithmetic; (lit., board - for the dust board on which computations were written out)
पाद -- 1. A quarter-verse; (lit., foot.) 2. Ascending Node
पार्श्वमानी -- 1. The lateral side of a quadrilateral or the flank-side measurement. 2. The flank-side measurer
पुराण -- A sacred work on cosmology, mythology, and historical legend
पूर्ण -- Full, complete
पूर्णिमा -- Full Moon
पूर्वापरायत -- Directed east to west
पूर्वापरासूत्र -- East-West line
पृष्ठफल -- Surface area
पृष्ठ्या -- Line of symmetry, usually the east-west line
पौस्ण -- The nakṣatra, Revatī which is presided over by pūṣā
प्रक्रिया -- Process
प्रग्रहण -- First contact in an eclipse
प्रग्रास -- The beginning of an eclipse, i.e., the first contact
प्रति-वृत्त -- Eccentric circle of a planet
प्रतिपद् -- The first tithi of either half of the lunar month
प्रतिमण्डल (केन्द्रवृत्त) -- The eccentric circle of a planet
प्रतिलोम -- Retrograde. A planet is said to be in pratiloma when its motion is retrograde.
प्रभा -- The shadow of the gnomon
प्रवहवायु -- Provector wind
प्राक्कल्प -- The eastern hemisphere
प्राक्पश्चिमसुत्र -- East-West line
प्राग्लग्न (लग्न or प्राग्विलग्न) -- Rising point of the ecliptic
प्राण -- Unit of time equal to four sidereal seconds or one-sixth of a vināḍikā
प्रौग -- Triangle, typically an isosceles triangle. (The fore-part of the shaft of a chariot that is triangular in shape)
बव -- The name of the five movable karaṇa, the karaṇa being one of the five important elements of the Hindu calendar
बाण -- 1. Arrow. 2. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
बाहु -- 1. The base of a right angled triangle. 2. The bāhu (or bhūja) corresponding to a planet's anomaly or to any arc/angle
बाहुफल -- Correction due to the mandocca or śigrocca of a planet
बिम्ब -- Disc or orb of a planet
बीज -- 1. Algebra. 2. A conversion constant to adjust astronomical parameters; (lit., seed)
ब्रह्मदिवस -- A day of Brahmā, a kalpa
भ -- 1. Asterism. 2. Sign
भगण -- The revolution number of a planet, i.e., the number of revolutions that a planet performs around the Earth in a certain period
भगोल -- Sphere of asterisms, with its centre at the Earth's centre
भचक्र -- Circle of the asterisms
भपञ्जर -- Circle of the asterisms
भपरिणाह -- Circumference of the circle of the asterisms
भभ्रम -- Revolutions of fixed stars
भाग -- 1. Degree. 2. Part
भिन्नदिक्क -- Unlike direction
भुक्तकाल -- Elapsed time
भुक्ति -- Motion or daily motion
भुक्तियोग -- Sum of daily motions
भुक्तिविशेष -- Motion differences
भुज -- 1. Longitude. 2. Base of a triangle
भुजा -- Lateral side of a right angled triangle
भुजाज्या -- The R sine of bhuja (bhujā or bāhu)
भुजान्तर -- Correction for the equation of time due to the eccentricity of the ecliptic
भुजाफल -- Correction due to the mandocca or śigrocca of a planet
भू -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
भूगोल -- Sphere of the Earth
भूगोलविष्कम्भ -- Diameter of the Earth
भूच्छाया -- Earth's shadow
भूज्या -- Earth-sine. The distance between the rising-setting line and the line joining the points of intersection of the diurnal circle and the six o'clock circle, or the R sine thereof
भूताराग्रहविवर -- The distance between Earth and a star planet
भूदिन -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
भूदिवस -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
भूमि -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
भेद -- Occultation of a star
भोग -- Motion
भोग्यकाल -- Time to pass or expend
भोग्यखण्ड -- Tabular difference of R sine, etc. to be passed in the meridian
मकर -- Capricorn
मण्डल -- Circle, revolution
मध्य -- 1. Centre, middle. 2. Mean. 3. Middle term in a series. 4. Zenith distance of ecliptic point
मध्यग्रह -- Mean planet
मध्यच्छाया -- The midday shadow of the gnomon
मध्यजिवा -- The R sine of the zenith distance of the meridian ecliptic point
मध्यज्या -- Meridian sine, i.e., R sine of the zenith distance of the meridian ecliptic point
मध्यमलम्बन -- 1. Parallax in zenith distance. 2. Mean Altitude
मध्यमसवन -- Mean solar day
मध्यर्क्रान्ति -- Declination of the place of a planet on the ecliptic
मध्यलग्न -- Meridian ecliptic point
मध्यलग्नशन्कु -- R cosine of the meridian ecliptic point
मध्यस्फुट -- True mean motion of a planet
मध्याभुक्तिः -- Mean daily motion
मध्याह्नच्छायाकर्ण -- Hypotenuse of right-angled triangle, two sides of which are the gnomon and the midday shadow
मनु -- A period of time equal to 72 yugas
मन्द -- 1. The inequality in a planet's orbital motion that depends on its position with respect to the stars, analogous to zodiacal anomaly. (lit., slow). 2. Slow, apex of slow motion
मन्दकर्ण -- Hypotenuse associated with mandocca
मन्दकेन्द्रज्या -- R sine of the mandakendra
मन्दगतिफल -- Correction to the mean motion of a planet
मन्दपरिधि -- Circumference of the manda epicycle
मन्दफल -- Equation of the centre
मन्दफलज्या -- R sine of the equation of the centre
मन्दवृत्त -- manda epicycle
मन्दस्पष्टगति -- Mean motion of a planet corrected by mandagatiphala
मन्दस्फुट -- 1. Planet's longitude corrected for the equation of centre. 2. Mean motion of a planet corrected by mandagatiphala
मन्दस्फुटगति -- Mean motion of a planet corrected by mandagatiphala
मन्दान्त्यफल -- Maximum correction due to mandocca
मन्दान्त्यफलज्या -- R sine of the maximum correction due to mandocca
मन्दांश -- The longitudes of the apogees of the planets in terms of degrees
मन्दोच्च -- Apogee or aphelion of a planet
मन्दोच्चकर्ण -- Hypotenuse associated with mandocca
मन्दोच्चफल -- Correction due to planet's mandocca
मन्वन्तर -- A cosmological time span equal to seventy-one mahāyugas or 306,720,000 years
महायुग -- A cosmological time span equal to 4,320,000 years
मही -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
माणैक्यार्ध -- Sum of the radii of the eclipsing and the eclipsed bodies
मास -- Month
मीन -- Sign Pisces
मीमांसा -- The Vedāṅga of philosophical investigation of scripture; a division of Indian philosophy
मुख -- Face, top-side of an object or figure with more than three sides, especially the top or shorter/parallel side of a trapezium
मुहूर्त -- A time unit equal to one-thirtieth of a day
मूल -- 1. Square root. 2. Base text (on which an expository commentary is written)
मृग -- Sign Capricorn
मेष -- Sign Aries
मैत्र -- The nakṣatra, Anurādhā which is presided over by Mitra
मोक्ष -- The separation of the eclipsed body after an eclipse, the last contact, or the end of the eclipse
याम्य -- 1. The south direction which is presided over by Yama. 2. The southern hemisphere (yāmyagola). 3. The nakṣatra, Bhariṇi that is presided over by Yama
याम्योत्तरअ (याम्योत्तरवृत्त or याम्योत्तरमण्डल) -- The local meridian
यावत्तावत् -- In algebra, an unknown quantity; abbr. as yā; (lit., as much as so much)
युग -- 1. A calendar intercalation cycle. 2. A cosmological time interval, especially a mahāyuga. 3. A period of 4,320,000 years
युत -- Added; abbr. as yu in algebra
युति -- 1. Union 2. Junction
योग -- 1. An interval of time during which the combined motions of the Sun and Moon add up to 13° 20'; (lit., sum) 2. Conjunction in longitudes of two heavenly bodies. 3. Addition
योगतारा -- Junction-stars, being the prominent stars of the twenty-seven nakṣatras used by the Hindu astronomers for the study of the conjunction of the planets, especially of the Moon with them.
योगभाग -- The degree of longitudes of the junction-stars
योजन -- 1. A unit of distance, probably somewhere between five and ten kilometres. 2. A unit of distance. 8000 × 4 cubits. The length of a yojana has differed at different times. The yojana of Āryabhaṭa I and Bhāskara I is roughly equivalent to 7½ miles
योजनकर्ण -- The distance of a planet in terms of yojanas
योजनव्यास -- The diameter in terms of yojanas
रज्जु -- Perimeter
रवि -- The Sun
रविकर्ण -- Distance of the Sun from Earth
रविभगण -- Revolutions of the Sun
रविमास -- Solar month
रविवर्ष -- Solar Year
राशि -- Zodiacal sign or 30 °
राहुबिम्ब -- Diameter of the shadow cone of the Earth at the lunar orbit
रुण्ड -- Breadth (of an annular ring)
रूप -- 1. Known number; unity; abbr. as rū in algebra
लक्षज्या -- Sine, R sine when R = 120 units
लग्न -- The rising point of the ecliptic i.e., orient ecliptic point.
लघुज्या -- Calculations of R sine of arcs of 10°
लघ्वहर्गण -- Civil days between the end of one solar year and any date in the current year
लङ्का -- The hypothetical place on the equator where the meridian of Ujjain intersects it, i.e., place with 0° longitude and 0° latitude
लङ्कोदय -- Time of rising of the Signs at Laṅkā, i.e., right ascensions of the Signs
लम्ब(क) -- 1. The R cosine of the colatitude 2. perpendicular/altitude/vertical of a figure
लम्बकगुण -- The R sine of the colatitude
लम्बज्या -- The R sine of the colatitude
लम्बन -- Parallax in longitude; or, in particular, the difference between the parallaxes in longitude of the Sun and the Moon
लम्बांश -- Colatitude in degrees
लिप्त -- Minute of an arc
लिप्ताशेष -- The residue of the minute
वक्र -- Retrograde motion
वज्रभास -- Cross-multiplication
वर्ग -- 1. Square, in arithmetic or geometry; abbr. as va in algebra. 2. The first twenty-five consonants in the Sanskrit alphabet
वर्ण -- lit., colour. 1. One of the four major divisions of humanity in Hinduism. 2. A way of designating unknown quantities in algebra; different unknowns are referred to by the names of different colours
वर्षाधिप -- Lord of the year
वलन -- (lit. deflection) valana relates to an eclipsed body. It is the angle subtended at the body by the arc joining the north point of the celestial horizon and the north pole of the ecliptic (i.e., the angle between the circle of position and the circle of celestial longitude of the eclipsed body). valana is generally divided into two components: 1. akṣavalana and 2. ayanavalana. The akṣavalana is the angle subtended at the body by the arc joining the north point of the celestial horizon and the north pole of the celestial equator (i.e., the angle between the circle of position and the hour circle of the eclipsed body). The ayanavalana is the angle subtended at the body by the arc joining the north poles of the equator and the ecliptic (i.e., the angle between the hour circle and the circle of celestial longitudes of the eclipsed body). The valana is also defined as follows: The Great circle of which the eclipsed body is the pole is called the horizon of the eclipsed body. Suppose that the prime vertical, equator and the ecliptic intersect the horizon of the eclipsed body at the points A, B, and C respectively, towards the east of the eclipsed body. The the arc AB is called the akṣavalana, the arc BC is called ayanavalana, and the arc AC is called valana. valana is also called spaṣṭavalana
वलयाकारक्षेत्र -- Figure shaped like an annulus or ring
वसुधा -- 1. Base of a triangle. 2. Earth
वाक्य -- A celestial longitude value encoded in alphanumeric notation; (lit., sentence)
वार -- Day
वासव -- The nakṣatra, Dhaniṣṭhā which is presided over by Vasu
विक्षिप्ति -- Celestial latitude
विक्षेप -- Celestial latitude
विक्षेपज्या -- The R sine of celestial latitude
विक्षेपमण्डल -- Orbit of the planet
विक्षेपलिप्तिका -- The minutes of celestial latitude
विक्षेपांष -- The degrees of celestial latitude
वित्रिभ -- Nonagesimal or the point of the ecliptic having a longitude 1° - 90° where 1 is the longitude of the point of intersection of the ecliptic with the horizon
विंदफल -- Volume
विंदफल -- Volume
विदिक्क -- Contrary direction
विनाडिका -- A unit of time, being one-sixth of a ghaṭikā equivalent to 24 seconds
विन्मण्डल -- Orbit of planet
विपल -- A unit of time, being one-sixth of a ghaṭikā equivalent to 24 seconds
विमर्दार्ध -- Half of the duration of totality of an an eclipse
वियत् -- Zero
विलिप्ता (also known as विलिप्तिका) -- Second of an arc
विलोम -- Retrograde
विलोमविवर -- Difference of two planets, one direct and the other retrograde
विवर -- Difference
विशख -- The nakṡatra, Visākhā
विशेष -- The difference between diagonal and the side of a square, especially when expressed in terms of the side
विषम -- A quadrilateral with unequal sides; a cyclic quadrilateral
विषमचतुर्भुज -- A quadrilateral with unequal sides; a cyclic quadrilateral
विषमत्रिभुज -- A Scalene triangle
विषुवजीव -- R sine of latitude
विषुवत् (विषुवत् वृत्त) -- Celestial Equator
विषुवद्दिन -- The day of the equinox
विषुवद्दिनमध्याह्नच्छाया -- The equinoctial midday shadow
विष्कम्भ -- Diameter
विष्कम्भचक्रवाल -- Ellipse
विष्कम्भदल -- Semi-diameter, radius
विष्कम्भार्ध -- Semi-diameter, radius
विस्तार -- Length or breadth
विस्तृति -- Radius or diameter
वृति -- Perimeter
वृत्त -- 1. Circle of its circumference. 2. Epicycle
वृत्तपरिणाह -- Circumference of a circle
वृत्तपरिधि -- Circumference of a circle
वेग -- Velocity
वेदाङ्ग -- One of the six limbs, or supporting disciplines, of the sacred Vedas
वेध -- Depth
वैधृत -- An astronomical phenomenon when the sum of the (true) longitudes of the Sun and the Moon amounts to a circle (i.e., 360° or 12 signs)
वैश्व -- The nakṣatra, Uttarāṣāḍha that is presided over by Viśve Devāḥ
वैष्णव -- The nakṣatra, Śravaṇa that is presided over by Viṣṇu
व्यतिपात -- An astronomical phenomenon when the sum of the (true) longitudes of the Sun and the Moon amounts to half a circle (i.e.., 180° or 6 signs)
व्यास -- 1. Diameter. 2. (sometimes) radius. 3. Breadth
व्यासदल -- Semi-diameter, radius
व्यासयोजन -- Diameter in terms of yojanas
व्यासार्ध -- Semi-diameter, radius
व्योम -- Zero
शकाब्द -- The year of Śaka era
शक्रतारकम् -- The nakṣatra, Jyeṣṭhā that is presided over by Indra (Śakra)
शङ्कवर्ग -- The distance of the projection of a heavenly body on the plane of the celestial horizon from the rising setting line of the heavenly body
शङ्कु -- 1. Gnomon. 2. The R sine of the altitude of a heavenly body
शङ्कुवेध -- Observations by the gnomon
शङ्खवृत्त -- A figure resembling the longitudinal section of a conch-shell
शर -- 1. Arrow. 2. R versed sine. 3. Celestial latitude. 4. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
शषि -- The Moon
शषिदिवस (चान्द्रदिन) -- Lunar day
शास्त्र -- Learned discipline, science
शीघ्र -- The inequality in a planet's orbital motion that depends on its position with respect to the Sun, analogous to synodic anomaly; (lit., fast)
शीघ्रकेन्द्र -- The śīghra anomaly
शीघ्रकेन्द्र -- The longitude of the planet's śīghrocca i.e., the apex of fastest motion, minus the longitude of the planet
शीघ्रकेन्द्रकोटिज्या -- R cosine of the śīghra anomaly
शीघ्रकेन्द्रज्या -- R sine of the śīghra anomaly
शीघ्रगतिफल -- Second correction to mean motion of planet
शीघ्रपरिधि -- Circumference of the śīghra epicycle
शीघ्रफल -- Second correction to mean longitude
शीघ्रफलज्या -- R sine of the second correction to mean longitude
शीघ्रवृत्त -- śīghra epicycle
शीघ्रशीघ्रोच्च -- śīghra epicycle
शीघ्रोच्च -- Apex of fastest motion, śīghra apogee
शीघ्रोच्चकर्ण (also known as शीघ्रकर्ण) -- It is equal to (R±Rsin(k))2+(Rsin(b)) 2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√ where R=3438′, k is koṭi and b is bhuja due to śīghrakendra
शीघ्रोच्चफल -- Correction due to the planet's śīghrocca
शुद्धि -- 1. Gain of the lunar reckoning over the Solar at the beginning of the lunar year. 2. Mean heliocentric position; for superior planets, mean position of the Sun
शुन्य -- Void
शुल्ब -- A measuring cord; ritual geometry for altar construction
शृङ्गाटक -- 1. Arrow. 2. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
शृङ्गोन्नति -- 1. Triangle. 2. Some form of four-sided figure, tetrahedron
श्रुति -- Sacred texts ascribed to divine revelation, such as the Vedas; (lit., hearing)
श्रेढीक्षेत्र -- Diagrammatic representation of mathematical series
श्रोणि -- A lower vertex of a quadrilateral or triangle
श्लोक -- Verse, especially a verse in anuṣṭubha meter
षडश्रि -- Tetrahedron
सकृत -- By the application of the rule only once (i.e., without the application of the method of successive approximation)
सङ्क्रान्ति -- 1. The moment when the Sun enters a zodiacal constellation (rāśi). 2. Last day of solar month
सन्धि -- The inter-space between the foot of an altitude and the foot of the flank-side from whose tip the altitude is drawn, usually in a quadrilateral
सपाटचन्द्र -- Longitude of the Moon with respect to the nearer node of the lunar orbit
सपाटसूर्य -- Longitude of the Sun with respect to the nearer node of the lunar orbit
सम -- North point of the horizon
समकल -- The planets are said to be samakala when they are either in conjunction or opposition in longitude
समकोष्ठमिति -- Area, a measure equal to unit squares in a figure
समचक्रवाल -- Circle
समचतुर्भुज -- 1. Square or Rhombus. 2. Quadrilateral with all four sides equal
समदलकोटि -- Altitude
समपरिणाह -- Circumference of a circle
समप्रोत -- Secondary to prime vertical
समबाहु -- Equilateral figure
सममण्डल (also known as समवृत्त) -- The prime vertical
समरेखा -- The meridian
समलिप्तेन्दु -- The longitude of the Moon for the time of opposition or conjunction of the Sun and the Moon
समशङ्कु -- 1. R cosine of the zenith distance of the Sun when it is on the prime-vertical. 2. R sine of the altitude from prime vertical
समसूत्र -- Secondary to the prime-vertical
समानलम्ब (or समलम्ब) -- A quadrilateral with the altitudes equal; trapezium
सम्पर्क -- 1. The sum of the diameters of the two bodies in contact. 2. Used in the sense of the sum of the two diameters of the eclipsed and eclipsing bodies
सम्पर्कार्ध (also known as सम्पर्कदल) -- Half the sum of the diameters of the eclipsed and eclipsing bodies
सम्पात -- Point of intersection
सम्पूर्वापरः शङ्कुः -- The R sine of the prime vertical altitude (of the Sun)
सर्वग्रास -- Total eclipse
सवनदिन -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
सवनह -- Civil days or Terrestrial days
सव्य -- Clockwise
संसर्प -- An intercalary month preceding a kṣayamāsa
संस्कृत -- Corrected
सायक -- 1. Arrow. 2. Height of an arc or segment of a circle
सार्पमस्तक -- Name of an astronomical phenomenon, one of the vyatipātas
सावनमास -- 30 civil days
सित -- 1. The measure of the illuminated part of the Moon's disc; the phase of the Moon. 2. The light half of the lunar month (sitapakṣa). 3. Venus
सितपक्ष -- The light or bright half of a lunar month
सितमान -- The measure of the illuminated part of the Moon's disc
सिद्धान्त -- Technical treatise; in particular, a comprehensive treatise on astronomy
सूची -- The inner, outer or middle diameter of an annular ring
सूचीक्षेत्र -- 1. Triangle got by producing the flanks of a quadrilateral till they meet. 2. The pyramid or cone got by producing the lateral faces of the frustum of a pyramid or cone
सूत्र -- A rule or algorithm; (lit., thread)
सोम -- A ritual beverage used in some ancient Vedic sacrifices
सौम्य -- 1. North. The northern (hemisphere). 2. Mercury
सौरदिन -- Solar day
सौरमास -- 1. Time taken by the Sun to traverse each of the zodiacal constellations (rāśi). 2. Solar month
सौरसंवत्सर -- Solar year
सौरसंवर्ष -- Solar year
सौरि -- Saturn
स्थित्यर्ध -- Half the duration (of an eclipse)
स्थित्यर्धनाडिका -- Half the duration (of an eclipse) in terms of nāḍīs
स्थूल -- Gross, approximate
स्पर्श -- First contact of an eclipse
स्फुट -- True or corrected
स्फुटक्रान्ति -- Declination of planet's centre
स्फुटग्रह -- True planet
स्फुटभुक्ति -- True (daily) motion
स्फुटभूपरिधि -- Circumference of the Earth measure parallel to the equator at a specified latitude
स्फुटभोग -- True motion
स्फुटमध्य -- 1. True mean motion of a planet. 2. The true-mean planet. 3. The true-mean longitude of a planet
स्फुटयोजनकर्ण -- The true distance of a planet in terms of yojanas
स्फुटलम्बन -- Parallax in longitude; or, in particular, the difference between the parallaxes in longitude of the Sun and the Moon
स्फुटविक्षेप -- Celestial latitude corrected by parallax
स्फुटवृत्त -- True or corrected epicycle
स्मृति -- Sacred texts ascribed to human authorship; (lit., remembering)
स्वदेशभूमिवृत्त -- The local circumference of the Earth, i.e., circumference of the local circle of latitude
स्वदेशभोदय -- Time of rising of the zodiacal signs at the local place, or oblique ascensions of the zodiacal signs
स्वदेशाक्ष -- The latitude of the local place
स्वदेशोदय -- Time of rising of the zodiacal signs at the local place, or oblique ascensions of the zodiacal signs
हरिज -- Horizon
हस्त -- Cubit, measure of length
हऽय -- (Arabic) Islamic astronomy, particularly its geometric models
हृति -- Hypotenuse
हृत् -- Circum-radius
हृदय -- Circum-radius
हृदयरज्जु -- Circum-radius
होरा -- Unit of time equivalent to 1/24th of one day and night period
टीका[सम्पाद्यताम्]
स्रोतम् : Glossary: Sanskrit Technical Terms
Terms and definitions collated from the following sources:
- Plofker, K. 2009. Mathematics in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Sarasvati Amma, T. A. 1979. Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India. Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidass.
- Somayaji, D. A. 1971. A Critical Study of the Ancient Hindu Astronomy in the light and language of the modern. Dharwar: Karnataka University.
- Subbarayappa, B. V. and K. V. Sarma. 1985. Indian Astronomy: A Sourcebook. Bombay: Nehru Centre.