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यन्त्रोपारोपितकोशांशः
[सम्पाद्यताम्]Purana Encyclopedia
[सम्पाद्यताम्]
 पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
Sindhu : m., f.: Name of a river.
A. Location: In the west (2. 29. 2, 8); listed twice by Saṁjaya among the rivers of the Bhāratavarṣa; people used its water for drinking 6. 10. 13, 20; the river Gaṅgā, after descending from Brahmaloka, was first established on the Hiraṇyaśṛṅga mountain; from there it began to flow in seven streams, of which Sindhu was the seventh (tatra tripathagā devī…saptadhā pratipadyate/…sindhuś ca saptamī) 6. 7. 44-45; the Bāhlīka (Āraṭṭa) country lies within the region of the five rivers with Sindhu as the sixth flowing through it (pañcānāṁ sindhuṣaṣṭhānāṁ nadīnāṁ ye 'ntarāśritāḥ/tān…bāhlīkān parivarjayet) 8. 30. 11; (sindhuṣaṣṭhā bahirgatāḥ//āraṭṭā nāma te deśāḥ) 8. 30. 35-36; (pañca nadyo vahanty etā yatra niḥsṛtya parvatāt/āraṭṭā nāma bāhlīkāḥ) 8. 30. 43; the rivers which flow through the Kāśmīramaṇḍala reach Sindhu (kāśmīramaṇḍale nadyo yāḥ patanti mahānadam/tā nadīḥ sindhum āsādya) 13. 26. 8.
B. Description: Characterized as a great Nada (mahānada) 13. 26. 8 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 13. 25. 8: nadaṁ sindhum); (nadasya mahataḥ) 1. 89. 35; all the rivers, including Sindhu, who wait upon god Śiva are described as auspicious (śivāḥ) 13. 134. 22; very holy (puṇyatamāḥ) 13. 134. 22; excellent rivers (saridvarāḥ) 13. 134. 14; (saritāṁ varāḥ) 13. 134. 19; (saricchreṣṭhāḥ) 13. 134. 22; having the waters of all tīrthas (sarvatīrthodakair yutāḥ) 13. 134. 12; and expert in the knowledge of duties of women (strīdharmakuśalāḥ) 13. 134. 19; the source (prabhava) of the river Sindhu is frequented by the Siddhas and Gandharvas (siddhagandharvasevita) 3. 82. 41; all the rivers listed by Saṁjaya are described as mothers of the universe and very strong 6. 10. 35 (for citalion see Atikṛṣṇā ).
C. Holiness:
(1) By staying for five nights at the source of Sindhu one gets much gold (sindhoś ca prabhavaṁ gatvā…/tatroṣya rajanīḥ pañca vindyād bahu suvarṇakam) 3. 82. 41;
(2) In the Tīrthavaṁśa proclaimed by Aṅgiras to Gautama it is said that one who has a good character if he reaches the rivers which meet Sindhu and also Sindhu he goes to heaven (tā nadīḥ sindhum āsādya śīlavān svargam āpnuyāt) 13. 26. 8;
(3) There is the tīrtha of Salilarāja (Varuṇa) at the place where Sindhu meets the ocean (sāgarasya ca sindhoś ca saṁgamaṁ prāpya) 3. 80. 85.
D. Epic events:
(1) Nakula, in his expedition to the west before the Rājasūya, subjugated the powerful Grāmaṇeyas (?) who lived along the banks of Sindhu (sindhukūlāśritā ye ca grāmaṇeyā mahābalāḥ) 2. 29. 8;
(2) Those who lived along the river Sindhu brought various kinds of tribute to Yudhiṣṭhira for Rājasūya (parisindhu ca mānavāḥ/…vividhaṁ balim ādāya…dvāri tiṣṭhanti vāritāḥ) 2. 47. 911;
(3) Yudhiṣṭhira staked whatever wealth that belonged to different castes (?), in their order, and who lived to the east of Sindhu (yat kiṁcid anuvarṇānām prāk sindhor api saubala/etan mama dhanaṁ rājan) 2. 58. 5.
E. Past events:
(1) King Saṁvaraṇa, when attacked and defeated by Pāñcālya, fled with his family members, ministers and friends and took shelter in a thicket (nikuñja) of the Sindhunada, in the region of the river near the mountain; the Bhāratas lived there for a long time taking resort to the inaccessible land (sindhor nadasya mahato nikuñje nyavasat tadā/ nadīviṣayaparyante parvatasya samīpataḥ/ tatrāvasan bahūn kālān bhāratā durgam āśritāḥ//) 1. 89. 33-35;
(2) Mārkaṇḍeya saw Sindhu, among other rivers, in the belly of the Bāla (3. 186. 83 = Nārāyaṇa 3. 187. 3) 3. 186. 94.
F. Importance:
(1) Sindhu is one of the rivers which wait upon Varuṇa in his Sabhā 2. 9. 19;
(2) Finds mention in the Daivata-Ṛṣi-Vaṁśa 13. 151. 14, 2.
G. Limitation: Sindhu is not included among the rivers which are declared as mothers of fire-hearths, i. e. on the banks of which sacrifices were performed (sindhuvarjaṁ pañcanadyaḥ…etā nadyas tu dhiṣṇyānāṁ mātaro yāḥ prakīrtitāḥ) 3. 212. 21, 24 (for Nī. See Kapilā ).
H. Simile:
(1) Successful emerging of Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna out of the army led by Droṇa (7. 76. 23) compared to crossing Sindhu and other five rivers swollen with water at the end of summer (bāhubhyām iva saṁtīrṇau sindhuṣaṣṭhāḥ samudragāḥ/tapānte saritaḥ pūrṇāḥ) 7. 76. 28 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 7. 101. 28: sindhuḥ ṣaṣṭho yāsāṁ tāś ca śatadruvipāśerāvatīcandrabhāgāvitastāḥ);
(2) The army of the Pāṇḍavas encountering Śalya was checked like the current of Sindhu encountering a mountain (sindhor vega ivācalam) 9. 9. 6.
I. Bad omens: Among the bad omens which occurred when Kṛṣṇa left for Hāstinapura is mentioned one according to which great rivers among whom Sindhu was the foremost, flowing eastwards, began to flow in the opposite direction (pratyag ūhur mahānadyaḥ prāṅmukhāḥ sindhusattamāḥ) 5. 82. 6 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 5. 84. 6: pratyak pratīpam ūhuḥ pravāhaṁ kṛtavatyaḥ; or does sindhu here mean ‘river’ ?). [See Sindhūttama, Salilarājasya tīrtham ]
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Sindhu, Saindhava : m. (pl.): Name of a Janapada and its people; also called Rāṣṭra 8. 4. 11, Viṣaya 14. 76. 2, and Deśa 6. 10. 68; 7. 53. 47; 8. 27. 91; very often mentioned along with Sauvīras.
A. Location: Listed twice by Saṁjaya, among the northern Janapadas of Bhāratavarṣa (ata ūrdhavaṁ janapadān nibodha) 6. 10. 37, 5; once, along with Sauvīras (kāśmīrāḥ sindhusauvīrā…) 6. 10. 52, and then, with Pulindakas (bhojāḥ sindhupulindakāḥ) 6. 10. 39.
B. Description of the country, its warriors, and characteristics of the people and horses: (a) country: sinful (pāpadeśa) 7. 53. 47; 8. 27. 91; (b) Warriors: brave (śūra) 7. 85. 73; fighting with curved prāsas (nakharaprāsayodhin) 7. 85. 73; 12. 102. 3; arrogant in battles (yudhadurmada) 14. 77. 9; Arjuna described Sindhu warriors as doing sinful acts in battles (pāpācārā raṇājire) 7. 53. 48; (c) People:
(1) They ate rice cooked in milk (sarvakṣīrānnabhoktāraḥ) 7. 53. 48; Madrakas, Sindhus and Sauvīras, according to Karṇa, were mlecchas born in sinful countries and hence incapable of discerning what was proper dharma (madrakāḥ sindhusauvīrā dharmaṁ vidyuḥ kathaṁ tv iha/pāpadeśodbhavā mlecchā dharmāṇāṁ avicakṣaṇāḥ) 8. 27. 91;
(2) A certain Brāhmaṇa told Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the assembly of the Kurus (8. 30. 7-8, 41) that in the opinion of a certain Rākṣasī (rākṣasī kācid abravīt) Vasātis, Sindhus and Sauvīras were, in general, contemptible (vasātisindhusauvīrā iti prāyo vikutsitāḥ) 8. 30. 46-47;
(3) Sindhu country was the principal one among the ten rāṣṭras which were under the control of Jayadratha (sindhurāṣṭramukhānīha daśa rāṣṭrāṇi yasya vai/vaśe tiṣṭhanti vīrasya) 8. 4. 11; (d) The Sindhu horses yoked to the chariot of Jayadratha were obedient to the charioteer; they drew the chariot well, moving in different directions; were large and speedy like wind (…sārather vaśyāḥ saindhavāḥ sādhuvāhinaḥ/vikurvāṇā bṛhanto 'śvāḥ śvasanopamaraṁhasaḥ//) 7. 42. 2; the horses of the Sindhu country which were chosen by Bāhuka (Nala) to go to the Vidarbha country were endowed with energy and strength, were of noble breed and good temper, free from interior marks, of broad nostrils and large jaws, blameless as they were free from ten curls, and having the speed of wind; though lean they were capable (of going long distances) and enduring on roads (tejobalasamāyuktān kulaśīlasamanvitān/varjitāĩ lakṣaṇair hīnaiḥ pṛthuprothān mahāhanūn/ śuddhān daśabhir āvartaiḥ sindhujān vātaraṁhasaḥ//; kṛśān aśvān samarthān adhvani kṣamān) 3. 69. 12, 11, 17 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 3. 71. 13-14 (sīlaṁ sādicittānusāritā hīnair lakṣaṇaiḥ śatapadīprabhṛtibhir varjitān/prothaṁ nāsikā/hanuḥ adharaṁ mukhaphalakam/śuddhān hradāvartādiduṣṭāvartahīnān sindhujān sindhudeśajān/).
C. Epic events:
(1) The kings of Saindhavas, subdued by Pāṇḍavas, attended the Rājasūya of Yudhiṣṭhira and acted as servers (yatra sarvān mahīpālān śastratejobhayārditān/…saindhavāṁs tathā/…yajñe te pariveṣakān//) 3. 48. 18, 21-22;
(2) Jayadratha suggested to Draupadī to abandon Pāṇḍavas who had lost their kingdom and marry him so that she could, along with him, rule over the entire Sindhu and Suvīra countries (akhilān sindhusauvīrān avāpnuhi mayā saha) 3. 251. 18; the warriors of the Śibi, Sindhu and Trigarta countries were dejected to see Pāṇḍavas fighting with them 3. 255. 3; Arjuna killed the Saindhavas who happened to come within the range of his arrows (trigartān saindhavān api/jaghāna…bāṇagocaram āgatān) 3. 255. 28; when Jayadratha fled, Arjuna asked Bhīma not to kill any longer Saindhava warriors (vārayām āsa nighnantaṁ bhīmaṁ saindhavasainikān) 3. 255. 36; the inmates of the āśrama were delighted to see Yudhiṣṭhira return with abducted Draupadī after defeating the Sindhu and Sauvīra armies (jitvā tān sindhusauvī rān) 3. 255. 50;
(3) Jayadratha, of the Sindhu country, joined the army of Duryodhana (jayadrathamukhāś cānye sindhusauvī ravāsinaḥ) 5. 19. 19:
(4) Before the start of the war, the Kṣatriyas of the Sindhu country and others, headed by Bhīṣma, stood in the front position of the army (bhīṣmo 'grataḥ sarvasainyasya vṛddhaḥ…kṣatriyā ye ca sindhau) 6. 20. 9-10;
(5) On the second day of war, Sindhu warriors and Sauvīras (sindhusauvīrāḥ), led by Śakuni, protected Droṇa who was behind Bhīṣma in the Mahāvyūha of Kauravas 6. 47. 10, 14;
(6) On the third day, Sindhu warriors and Sauvīras (sindhusauvīrāḥ) were posted at the ‘neck’ position (grivāyām) of the Garuḍavyūha of Kauravas 6. 52. 2-3, 5;
(7) On the eighth dav, Irāvān, son of Arjuna, attacked the Kaurava army with horses of different countries some of them being those from the Sindhu country (vājinām/ …sindhujānāṁ ca sarvaśaḥ); the horses were swift like wind (hayair vātajavair…) 6. 86. 3, 5-6;
(8) On the thirteeenth day, Arjuna assured Kṛṣṇa that he would kill the next day the Saindhava warriors along with their kings (mayā sarājakā bāṇair nunnā naṁkṣyanti saindhavāḥ) 7. 53. 48;
(9) On the fourteenth day, Yudhiṣṭhira pointed out to Sātyaki that Arjuna, proceeding towards Jayadratha, was encircled by the Sindhu warriors and Sauvīras (saṁvṛtaḥ sindhusauvīraiḥ) 7. 85. 73; Sātyaki told Yudhiṣṭhira that Saindhavas were no match for Arjuna (saindhavapauravāḥ/…ete 'rjunasya kruddhasya kalāṁ nārhanti ṣoḍaśīm) 7. 86. 28-29; on that day the Kaurava army which included Sindhu warriors and Sauvīras ran helterskelter since they were being killed by the arrows of Bhīma and Karṇa fighting each other (tato vyudastaṁ tat sainyaṁ sindhusauvīrakauravam); they ran away from them in all directions; the earth was covered with their bodies along with their armours, arrows and banners; when Karṇa saw the destruction of the Kurus Sauvīras and Saindhavas he was ablaze with anger (dṛṣṭvā ca kurusauvī rasaindhavānāṁ balakṣayam) 7. 113. 11-14; 7. 114. 17-18;
(10) During the night war (fourteenth-fifteenth day) all Saindhavas and others, afraid, (simply) watched Karṇa who alone could withstand the shower of weapons released at him by Ghaṭotkaca; they respected his composure in battle (asaṁmohaṁ pūjayanto'sya saṁkhye) 7. 154. 45;
(11) After the war, the women of Sindhu, Sauvīra and other countries kept a watch on the dead body of Jayadratha (sindhusauvī ragāndhārakāmbojayavanastriyaḥ) 11. 22. 11;
(12) When Arjuna reached the Sindhu country along with Aśvamedha horse, the warriors and their kings fought a fierce battle with him; they encircled Arjuna so that he looked like a bird moving in a cage (koṣṭhakīkṛtya kaunteyam…ayodhayan/sa…dadṛśe …pañjarāntarasaṁcārī śakunta iva…//) 14. 76. 10, 13; Arjuna swooned for a while due to the shower of the arrows of Sindhu fighters (saindhavāḥ) 14. 76. 21-23; when he recovered, he started showering arrows so that the Saindhava warriors and their kings could not be seen; the Saindhavas were afraid due to the sound (of the bow); they ran, wept due to sorrow and lay down on the ground; the army (of Saindhavas) was thus torn by Arjuna (tatas te saindhavā yodhāḥ sarva eva sarājakāḥ/nādṛśyanta śaraiḥ kīrṇāḥ…// tasya śabdena vitresur bhayārtāś ca vidudruvaḥ/mumucuś cāśruśokārtāḥ suṣupuś cāpi saindhavāḥ//…sainyaṁ vidārya) 14. 76. 28-29, 32; the Saindhava warriors were once again ready to fight with Arjuna and they showered arrows at him; Arjuna told them that he would not kill them if they surrundered; but Saindhava warriors continued to shoot arrows; the kings of the Sindhu country remembering the death of Jayadratha threw prāsas and śaktis on Arjuna; he cut off their missiles before they reached him; the warriors, desirous of victory, continued their attack (āpatatāṁ teṣāṁ yodhānāṁ jayagṛddhinām) 14. 77. 18; Arjuna cut off their heads; they ran away but returned and although they were being killed they fought with Arjuna according to their vigour and energy (yathāprāṇaṁ yathotsāhaṁ yodhayām āsur arjunam) most of them, whose horses were tired, swooned (kṛtā visaṁjñā bhūyiṣṭhāḥ klāntavāhanasainikāḥ); knowing their plight, Duḥśalā, daughter of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, took her grandson with her and approached Arjuna wishing peace for the surviving warriors (śāntyarthaṁ sarvayodhānām; śamārthaṁ sarvayodhānām); she requested him to cease fighting with Saindhavas (śamaṁ gaccha dhanaṁjaya); thus Arjuna defeated Saindhava warriors 14. 77. 2-43.
D. Past event: Vidurā exhorted her son not to let himself be dispirited and be under the control of the maidens of Sindhu country (mā ca saindhavakanyānām avasanno vaśaṁ gamaḥ) 5. 132. 32; she told him that she would honour him if he was able to kill all Saindhava warriors (atha tvāṁ pūjayiṣyāmi hatvā vai sarvasaindhavān) 5. 133. 19.
E. Some persons, especially Jayadratha, referred to as belonging to Sindhu, king of the Sindhu country:
A. King, ruler of the Sindhu country: (a) sindhūnām īśvaraḥ: Jayadratha 7. 53. 11; (b) sindhupati;
(1) Jayadratha 3. 251. 7 (sindhūnāṁ patiḥ); 6. 17. 31; 7. 24. 11; 7. 69. 15-16; 7. 121. 26; 9. 53. 23;
(2) Vṛddhakṣatra 7. 41. 13; (c) sindhuº ºbhartṛ: Jayadratha 11. 22. 9; (d) (i) sindhurāj: Jayadratha 7. 53. 27; (ii) sindhurāja:
(1) Jayadratha 1. 108. 18; 3. 251. 19; 3. 253. 26; 3. 255. 32; 5. 49. 19; 5. 54. 42; 5. 162. 30; 6. 109. 20; 7. 13. 67, 71; 7. 33. 18-20; 7. 41. 10, 14; 7. 42. 1, 15; 7. 53. 1, 5, 9, 33, 36; 7. 54. 26; 7. 56. 8, 13; 7. 63. 16, 20; 7. 66. 1; 7. 69. 1; 7. 75. 27; 7. 76. 11, 14, 18, 32, 36, 41; 7. 80. 20; 7. 87. 39; 7. 89. 17, 43; 7. 105. 4, 10; 7. 115. 5; 7. 120. 79; 7. 121. 14, 36, 41; 7. 126. 1, 22, 26; 7. 127. 9; 7. 158. 18; 8. 51. 45; 14. 76. 11;
(2) Vṛddhakṣatra 7. 121. 21;
(3) not named 5. 131. 4; 5. 132. 4; (iii) sindhurājan: Jayadratha 7. 66. 6; 7. 126. 20; (sindhūnāṁ rājā) 3. 248. 6, 11;
B. Related to Sindhu country: (a) saindhava:
(1) Jayadratha 1. 1. 134-135, 140; 1. 177. 19; 2. 31. 8; 3. 255. 1, 4, 7, 43, 45, 47, 53, 55-57, 59; 3. 276. 8; 3. 294. 42; 4. 5. 21; 4. 17. 4; 5. 56. 15; 5. 64. 7; 5. 93. 20; 5. 140. 14; 5. 152. 28; 5. 161. 6; 5. 196. 6; 6. 43. 52; 6. 53. 25; 6. 55. 131; 6. 67. 19; 6. 68. 3; 6. 77. 2; 6. 81. 10; 6. 87. 27; 6. 90. 13; 6. 95. 27; 6. 96. 15; 6. 104. 55; 6. 109. 1, 6, 10, 13, 15, 17, 35; 6. 110. 2, 21; 6. 112. 40-42; 6. 114. 14; 7. 6. 2; 7. 13. 58; 7. 24. 10, 12; 7. 40. 10; 7. 41. 8-9, 20; 7. 42. 17-19; 7. 43. 1; 7. 45. 20; 7. 46. 5; 7. 52. 3, 18-20, 33; 7. 53. 2, 6, 18, 39, 44, 46; 7. 54. 18, 20; 7. 56. 12; 7. 57. 11, 15; 7. 58. 18; 7. 59. 21; 7. 60. 21, 29, 31; 7. 61. 6; 7. 63. 15; 7. 69. 18; 7. 70. 48-49, 51; 7. 74. 3, 34, 36; 7. 75. 28, 30; 7. 76. 16, 34-35; 7. 78. 40; 7. 79. 31; 7. 81. 1; 7. 85. 36, 78; 7. 86. 15, 17; 7. 87. 13, 32, 72; 7. 89. 27; 7. 95. 10; 7. 98. 2; 7. 102. 34, 48; 7. 103. 25, 42; 7. 105. 1, 13-14, 18^2-19; 7. 106. 37; 7. 115. 4, 6; 7. 116. 29-30; 7. 117. 61; 7. 118. 35; 7. 120. 8, 13, 20, 26-27, 37, 40, 43, 47, 49, 57, 81; 7. 121. 10, 13^2, 16-17^2, 31-32, 43, 46-47; 7. 122. 1-2, 27, 35; 7. 124. 3; 7. 125. 1, 6; 7. 126. 21, 28; 7. 127. 3, 8, 14; 7. 128. 12; 7. 129. 5; 7. 147. 3; 7. 157. 32; 7. 158. 14, 40, 43, 46; 7. 170. 33; 8. 51. 13, 44; 10. 3. 32; 10. 9. 44; 11. 25. 29; 12. 16. 19; 14. 12. 9; 14. 51. 20; 14. 76. 9;
(2) Vṛddhakṣatra 7. 41. 6; (b) saindhavaka: Jayadratha 3. 255. 42; 6. 43. 52; 7. 51. 9; 7. 53. 47-48; 7. 60. 28; 7. 103. 44-45; 7. 120. 18; 7. 121. 48;
C. The wretched of the Saindhavas: saindhavāpasada: Jayadratha 15. 17. 5.
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Mahabharata Cultural Index
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पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
Sindhu : m., f.: Name of a river.
A. Location: In the west (2. 29. 2, 8); listed twice by Saṁjaya among the rivers of the Bhāratavarṣa; people used its water for drinking 6. 10. 13, 20; the river Gaṅgā, after descending from Brahmaloka, was first established on the Hiraṇyaśṛṅga mountain; from there it began to flow in seven streams, of which Sindhu was the seventh (tatra tripathagā devī…saptadhā pratipadyate/…sindhuś ca saptamī) 6. 7. 44-45; the Bāhlīka (Āraṭṭa) country lies within the region of the five rivers with Sindhu as the sixth flowing through it (pañcānāṁ sindhuṣaṣṭhānāṁ nadīnāṁ ye 'ntarāśritāḥ/tān…bāhlīkān parivarjayet) 8. 30. 11; (sindhuṣaṣṭhā bahirgatāḥ//āraṭṭā nāma te deśāḥ) 8. 30. 35-36; (pañca nadyo vahanty etā yatra niḥsṛtya parvatāt/āraṭṭā nāma bāhlīkāḥ) 8. 30. 43; the rivers which flow through the Kāśmīramaṇḍala reach Sindhu (kāśmīramaṇḍale nadyo yāḥ patanti mahānadam/tā nadīḥ sindhum āsādya) 13. 26. 8.
B. Description: Characterized as a great Nada (mahānada) 13. 26. 8 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 13. 25. 8: nadaṁ sindhum); (nadasya mahataḥ) 1. 89. 35; all the rivers, including Sindhu, who wait upon god Śiva are described as auspicious (śivāḥ) 13. 134. 22; very holy (puṇyatamāḥ) 13. 134. 22; excellent rivers (saridvarāḥ) 13. 134. 14; (saritāṁ varāḥ) 13. 134. 19; (saricchreṣṭhāḥ) 13. 134. 22; having the waters of all tīrthas (sarvatīrthodakair yutāḥ) 13. 134. 12; and expert in the knowledge of duties of women (strīdharmakuśalāḥ) 13. 134. 19; the source (prabhava) of the river Sindhu is frequented by the Siddhas and Gandharvas (siddhagandharvasevita) 3. 82. 41; all the rivers listed by Saṁjaya are described as mothers of the universe and very strong 6. 10. 35 (for citalion see Atikṛṣṇā ).
C. Holiness:
(1) By staying for five nights at the source of Sindhu one gets much gold (sindhoś ca prabhavaṁ gatvā…/tatroṣya rajanīḥ pañca vindyād bahu suvarṇakam) 3. 82. 41;
(2) In the Tīrthavaṁśa proclaimed by Aṅgiras to Gautama it is said that one who has a good character if he reaches the rivers which meet Sindhu and also Sindhu he goes to heaven (tā nadīḥ sindhum āsādya śīlavān svargam āpnuyāt) 13. 26. 8;
(3) There is the tīrtha of Salilarāja (Varuṇa) at the place where Sindhu meets the ocean (sāgarasya ca sindhoś ca saṁgamaṁ prāpya) 3. 80. 85.
D. Epic events:
(1) Nakula, in his expedition to the west before the Rājasūya, subjugated the powerful Grāmaṇeyas (?) who lived along the banks of Sindhu (sindhukūlāśritā ye ca grāmaṇeyā mahābalāḥ) 2. 29. 8;
(2) Those who lived along the river Sindhu brought various kinds of tribute to Yudhiṣṭhira for Rājasūya (parisindhu ca mānavāḥ/…vividhaṁ balim ādāya…dvāri tiṣṭhanti vāritāḥ) 2. 47. 911;
(3) Yudhiṣṭhira staked whatever wealth that belonged to different castes (?), in their order, and who lived to the east of Sindhu (yat kiṁcid anuvarṇānām prāk sindhor api saubala/etan mama dhanaṁ rājan) 2. 58. 5.
E. Past events:
(1) King Saṁvaraṇa, when attacked and defeated by Pāñcālya, fled with his family members, ministers and friends and took shelter in a thicket (nikuñja) of the Sindhunada, in the region of the river near the mountain; the Bhāratas lived there for a long time taking resort to the inaccessible land (sindhor nadasya mahato nikuñje nyavasat tadā/ nadīviṣayaparyante parvatasya samīpataḥ/ tatrāvasan bahūn kālān bhāratā durgam āśritāḥ//) 1. 89. 33-35;
(2) Mārkaṇḍeya saw Sindhu, among other rivers, in the belly of the Bāla (3. 186. 83 = Nārāyaṇa 3. 187. 3) 3. 186. 94.
F. Importance:
(1) Sindhu is one of the rivers which wait upon Varuṇa in his Sabhā 2. 9. 19;
(2) Finds mention in the Daivata-Ṛṣi-Vaṁśa 13. 151. 14, 2.
G. Limitation: Sindhu is not included among the rivers which are declared as mothers of fire-hearths, i. e. on the banks of which sacrifices were performed (sindhuvarjaṁ pañcanadyaḥ…etā nadyas tu dhiṣṇyānāṁ mātaro yāḥ prakīrtitāḥ) 3. 212. 21, 24 (for Nī. See Kapilā ).
H. Simile:
(1) Successful emerging of Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna out of the army led by Droṇa (7. 76. 23) compared to crossing Sindhu and other five rivers swollen with water at the end of summer (bāhubhyām iva saṁtīrṇau sindhuṣaṣṭhāḥ samudragāḥ/tapānte saritaḥ pūrṇāḥ) 7. 76. 28 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 7. 101. 28: sindhuḥ ṣaṣṭho yāsāṁ tāś ca śatadruvipāśerāvatīcandrabhāgāvitastāḥ);
(2) The army of the Pāṇḍavas encountering Śalya was checked like the current of Sindhu encountering a mountain (sindhor vega ivācalam) 9. 9. 6.
I. Bad omens: Among the bad omens which occurred when Kṛṣṇa left for Hāstinapura is mentioned one according to which great rivers among whom Sindhu was the foremost, flowing eastwards, began to flow in the opposite direction (pratyag ūhur mahānadyaḥ prāṅmukhāḥ sindhusattamāḥ) 5. 82. 6 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 5. 84. 6: pratyak pratīpam ūhuḥ pravāhaṁ kṛtavatyaḥ; or does sindhu here mean ‘river’ ?). [See Sindhūttama, Salilarājasya tīrtham ]
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Sindhu, Saindhava : m. (pl.): Name of a Janapada and its people; also called Rāṣṭra 8. 4. 11, Viṣaya 14. 76. 2, and Deśa 6. 10. 68; 7. 53. 47; 8. 27. 91; very often mentioned along with Sauvīras.
A. Location: Listed twice by Saṁjaya, among the northern Janapadas of Bhāratavarṣa (ata ūrdhavaṁ janapadān nibodha) 6. 10. 37, 5; once, along with Sauvīras (kāśmīrāḥ sindhusauvīrā…) 6. 10. 52, and then, with Pulindakas (bhojāḥ sindhupulindakāḥ) 6. 10. 39.
B. Description of the country, its warriors, and characteristics of the people and horses: (a) country: sinful (pāpadeśa) 7. 53. 47; 8. 27. 91; (b) Warriors: brave (śūra) 7. 85. 73; fighting with curved prāsas (nakharaprāsayodhin) 7. 85. 73; 12. 102. 3; arrogant in battles (yudhadurmada) 14. 77. 9; Arjuna described Sindhu warriors as doing sinful acts in battles (pāpācārā raṇājire) 7. 53. 48; (c) People:
(1) They ate rice cooked in milk (sarvakṣīrānnabhoktāraḥ) 7. 53. 48; Madrakas, Sindhus and Sauvīras, according to Karṇa, were mlecchas born in sinful countries and hence incapable of discerning what was proper dharma (madrakāḥ sindhusauvīrā dharmaṁ vidyuḥ kathaṁ tv iha/pāpadeśodbhavā mlecchā dharmāṇāṁ avicakṣaṇāḥ) 8. 27. 91;
(2) A certain Brāhmaṇa told Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the assembly of the Kurus (8. 30. 7-8, 41) that in the opinion of a certain Rākṣasī (rākṣasī kācid abravīt) Vasātis, Sindhus and Sauvīras were, in general, contemptible (vasātisindhusauvīrā iti prāyo vikutsitāḥ) 8. 30. 46-47;
(3) Sindhu country was the principal one among the ten rāṣṭras which were under the control of Jayadratha (sindhurāṣṭramukhānīha daśa rāṣṭrāṇi yasya vai/vaśe tiṣṭhanti vīrasya) 8. 4. 11; (d) The Sindhu horses yoked to the chariot of Jayadratha were obedient to the charioteer; they drew the chariot well, moving in different directions; were large and speedy like wind (…sārather vaśyāḥ saindhavāḥ sādhuvāhinaḥ/vikurvāṇā bṛhanto 'śvāḥ śvasanopamaraṁhasaḥ//) 7. 42. 2; the horses of the Sindhu country which were chosen by Bāhuka (Nala) to go to the Vidarbha country were endowed with energy and strength, were of noble breed and good temper, free from interior marks, of broad nostrils and large jaws, blameless as they were free from ten curls, and having the speed of wind; though lean they were capable (of going long distances) and enduring on roads (tejobalasamāyuktān kulaśīlasamanvitān/varjitāĩ lakṣaṇair hīnaiḥ pṛthuprothān mahāhanūn/ śuddhān daśabhir āvartaiḥ sindhujān vātaraṁhasaḥ//; kṛśān aśvān samarthān adhvani kṣamān) 3. 69. 12, 11, 17 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 3. 71. 13-14 (sīlaṁ sādicittānusāritā hīnair lakṣaṇaiḥ śatapadīprabhṛtibhir varjitān/prothaṁ nāsikā/hanuḥ adharaṁ mukhaphalakam/śuddhān hradāvartādiduṣṭāvartahīnān sindhujān sindhudeśajān/).
C. Epic events:
(1) The kings of Saindhavas, subdued by Pāṇḍavas, attended the Rājasūya of Yudhiṣṭhira and acted as servers (yatra sarvān mahīpālān śastratejobhayārditān/…saindhavāṁs tathā/…yajñe te pariveṣakān//) 3. 48. 18, 21-22;
(2) Jayadratha suggested to Draupadī to abandon Pāṇḍavas who had lost their kingdom and marry him so that she could, along with him, rule over the entire Sindhu and Suvīra countries (akhilān sindhusauvīrān avāpnuhi mayā saha) 3. 251. 18; the warriors of the Śibi, Sindhu and Trigarta countries were dejected to see Pāṇḍavas fighting with them 3. 255. 3; Arjuna killed the Saindhavas who happened to come within the range of his arrows (trigartān saindhavān api/jaghāna…bāṇagocaram āgatān) 3. 255. 28; when Jayadratha fled, Arjuna asked Bhīma not to kill any longer Saindhava warriors (vārayām āsa nighnantaṁ bhīmaṁ saindhavasainikān) 3. 255. 36; the inmates of the āśrama were delighted to see Yudhiṣṭhira return with abducted Draupadī after defeating the Sindhu and Sauvīra armies (jitvā tān sindhusauvī rān) 3. 255. 50;
(3) Jayadratha, of the Sindhu country, joined the army of Duryodhana (jayadrathamukhāś cānye sindhusauvī ravāsinaḥ) 5. 19. 19:
(4) Before the start of the war, the Kṣatriyas of the Sindhu country and others, headed by Bhīṣma, stood in the front position of the army (bhīṣmo 'grataḥ sarvasainyasya vṛddhaḥ…kṣatriyā ye ca sindhau) 6. 20. 9-10;
(5) On the second day of war, Sindhu warriors and Sauvīras (sindhusauvīrāḥ), led by Śakuni, protected Droṇa who was behind Bhīṣma in the Mahāvyūha of Kauravas 6. 47. 10, 14;
(6) On the third day, Sindhu warriors and Sauvīras (sindhusauvīrāḥ) were posted at the ‘neck’ position (grivāyām) of the Garuḍavyūha of Kauravas 6. 52. 2-3, 5;
(7) On the eighth dav, Irāvān, son of Arjuna, attacked the Kaurava army with horses of different countries some of them being those from the Sindhu country (vājinām/ …sindhujānāṁ ca sarvaśaḥ); the horses were swift like wind (hayair vātajavair…) 6. 86. 3, 5-6;
(8) On the thirteeenth day, Arjuna assured Kṛṣṇa that he would kill the next day the Saindhava warriors along with their kings (mayā sarājakā bāṇair nunnā naṁkṣyanti saindhavāḥ) 7. 53. 48;
(9) On the fourteenth day, Yudhiṣṭhira pointed out to Sātyaki that Arjuna, proceeding towards Jayadratha, was encircled by the Sindhu warriors and Sauvīras (saṁvṛtaḥ sindhusauvīraiḥ) 7. 85. 73; Sātyaki told Yudhiṣṭhira that Saindhavas were no match for Arjuna (saindhavapauravāḥ/…ete 'rjunasya kruddhasya kalāṁ nārhanti ṣoḍaśīm) 7. 86. 28-29; on that day the Kaurava army which included Sindhu warriors and Sauvīras ran helterskelter since they were being killed by the arrows of Bhīma and Karṇa fighting each other (tato vyudastaṁ tat sainyaṁ sindhusauvīrakauravam); they ran away from them in all directions; the earth was covered with their bodies along with their armours, arrows and banners; when Karṇa saw the destruction of the Kurus Sauvīras and Saindhavas he was ablaze with anger (dṛṣṭvā ca kurusauvī rasaindhavānāṁ balakṣayam) 7. 113. 11-14; 7. 114. 17-18;
(10) During the night war (fourteenth-fifteenth day) all Saindhavas and others, afraid, (simply) watched Karṇa who alone could withstand the shower of weapons released at him by Ghaṭotkaca; they respected his composure in battle (asaṁmohaṁ pūjayanto'sya saṁkhye) 7. 154. 45;
(11) After the war, the women of Sindhu, Sauvīra and other countries kept a watch on the dead body of Jayadratha (sindhusauvī ragāndhārakāmbojayavanastriyaḥ) 11. 22. 11;
(12) When Arjuna reached the Sindhu country along with Aśvamedha horse, the warriors and their kings fought a fierce battle with him; they encircled Arjuna so that he looked like a bird moving in a cage (koṣṭhakīkṛtya kaunteyam…ayodhayan/sa…dadṛśe …pañjarāntarasaṁcārī śakunta iva…//) 14. 76. 10, 13; Arjuna swooned for a while due to the shower of the arrows of Sindhu fighters (saindhavāḥ) 14. 76. 21-23; when he recovered, he started showering arrows so that the Saindhava warriors and their kings could not be seen; the Saindhavas were afraid due to the sound (of the bow); they ran, wept due to sorrow and lay down on the ground; the army (of Saindhavas) was thus torn by Arjuna (tatas te saindhavā yodhāḥ sarva eva sarājakāḥ/nādṛśyanta śaraiḥ kīrṇāḥ…// tasya śabdena vitresur bhayārtāś ca vidudruvaḥ/mumucuś cāśruśokārtāḥ suṣupuś cāpi saindhavāḥ//…sainyaṁ vidārya) 14. 76. 28-29, 32; the Saindhava warriors were once again ready to fight with Arjuna and they showered arrows at him; Arjuna told them that he would not kill them if they surrundered; but Saindhava warriors continued to shoot arrows; the kings of the Sindhu country remembering the death of Jayadratha threw prāsas and śaktis on Arjuna; he cut off their missiles before they reached him; the warriors, desirous of victory, continued their attack (āpatatāṁ teṣāṁ yodhānāṁ jayagṛddhinām) 14. 77. 18; Arjuna cut off their heads; they ran away but returned and although they were being killed they fought with Arjuna according to their vigour and energy (yathāprāṇaṁ yathotsāhaṁ yodhayām āsur arjunam) most of them, whose horses were tired, swooned (kṛtā visaṁjñā bhūyiṣṭhāḥ klāntavāhanasainikāḥ); knowing their plight, Duḥśalā, daughter of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, took her grandson with her and approached Arjuna wishing peace for the surviving warriors (śāntyarthaṁ sarvayodhānām; śamārthaṁ sarvayodhānām); she requested him to cease fighting with Saindhavas (śamaṁ gaccha dhanaṁjaya); thus Arjuna defeated Saindhava warriors 14. 77. 2-43.
D. Past event: Vidurā exhorted her son not to let himself be dispirited and be under the control of the maidens of Sindhu country (mā ca saindhavakanyānām avasanno vaśaṁ gamaḥ) 5. 132. 32; she told him that she would honour him if he was able to kill all Saindhava warriors (atha tvāṁ pūjayiṣyāmi hatvā vai sarvasaindhavān) 5. 133. 19.
E. Some persons, especially Jayadratha, referred to as belonging to Sindhu, king of the Sindhu country:
A. King, ruler of the Sindhu country: (a) sindhūnām īśvaraḥ: Jayadratha 7. 53. 11; (b) sindhupati;
(1) Jayadratha 3. 251. 7 (sindhūnāṁ patiḥ); 6. 17. 31; 7. 24. 11; 7. 69. 15-16; 7. 121. 26; 9. 53. 23;
(2) Vṛddhakṣatra 7. 41. 13; (c) sindhuº ºbhartṛ: Jayadratha 11. 22. 9; (d) (i) sindhurāj: Jayadratha 7. 53. 27; (ii) sindhurāja:
(1) Jayadratha 1. 108. 18; 3. 251. 19; 3. 253. 26; 3. 255. 32; 5. 49. 19; 5. 54. 42; 5. 162. 30; 6. 109. 20; 7. 13. 67, 71; 7. 33. 18-20; 7. 41. 10, 14; 7. 42. 1, 15; 7. 53. 1, 5, 9, 33, 36; 7. 54. 26; 7. 56. 8, 13; 7. 63. 16, 20; 7. 66. 1; 7. 69. 1; 7. 75. 27; 7. 76. 11, 14, 18, 32, 36, 41; 7. 80. 20; 7. 87. 39; 7. 89. 17, 43; 7. 105. 4, 10; 7. 115. 5; 7. 120. 79; 7. 121. 14, 36, 41; 7. 126. 1, 22, 26; 7. 127. 9; 7. 158. 18; 8. 51. 45; 14. 76. 11;
(2) Vṛddhakṣatra 7. 121. 21;
(3) not named 5. 131. 4; 5. 132. 4; (iii) sindhurājan: Jayadratha 7. 66. 6; 7. 126. 20; (sindhūnāṁ rājā) 3. 248. 6, 11;
B. Related to Sindhu country: (a) saindhava:
(1) Jayadratha 1. 1. 134-135, 140; 1. 177. 19; 2. 31. 8; 3. 255. 1, 4, 7, 43, 45, 47, 53, 55-57, 59; 3. 276. 8; 3. 294. 42; 4. 5. 21; 4. 17. 4; 5. 56. 15; 5. 64. 7; 5. 93. 20; 5. 140. 14; 5. 152. 28; 5. 161. 6; 5. 196. 6; 6. 43. 52; 6. 53. 25; 6. 55. 131; 6. 67. 19; 6. 68. 3; 6. 77. 2; 6. 81. 10; 6. 87. 27; 6. 90. 13; 6. 95. 27; 6. 96. 15; 6. 104. 55; 6. 109. 1, 6, 10, 13, 15, 17, 35; 6. 110. 2, 21; 6. 112. 40-42; 6. 114. 14; 7. 6. 2; 7. 13. 58; 7. 24. 10, 12; 7. 40. 10; 7. 41. 8-9, 20; 7. 42. 17-19; 7. 43. 1; 7. 45. 20; 7. 46. 5; 7. 52. 3, 18-20, 33; 7. 53. 2, 6, 18, 39, 44, 46; 7. 54. 18, 20; 7. 56. 12; 7. 57. 11, 15; 7. 58. 18; 7. 59. 21; 7. 60. 21, 29, 31; 7. 61. 6; 7. 63. 15; 7. 69. 18; 7. 70. 48-49, 51; 7. 74. 3, 34, 36; 7. 75. 28, 30; 7. 76. 16, 34-35; 7. 78. 40; 7. 79. 31; 7. 81. 1; 7. 85. 36, 78; 7. 86. 15, 17; 7. 87. 13, 32, 72; 7. 89. 27; 7. 95. 10; 7. 98. 2; 7. 102. 34, 48; 7. 103. 25, 42; 7. 105. 1, 13-14, 18^2-19; 7. 106. 37; 7. 115. 4, 6; 7. 116. 29-30; 7. 117. 61; 7. 118. 35; 7. 120. 8, 13, 20, 26-27, 37, 40, 43, 47, 49, 57, 81; 7. 121. 10, 13^2, 16-17^2, 31-32, 43, 46-47; 7. 122. 1-2, 27, 35; 7. 124. 3; 7. 125. 1, 6; 7. 126. 21, 28; 7. 127. 3, 8, 14; 7. 128. 12; 7. 129. 5; 7. 147. 3; 7. 157. 32; 7. 158. 14, 40, 43, 46; 7. 170. 33; 8. 51. 13, 44; 10. 3. 32; 10. 9. 44; 11. 25. 29; 12. 16. 19; 14. 12. 9; 14. 51. 20; 14. 76. 9;
(2) Vṛddhakṣatra 7. 41. 6; (b) saindhavaka: Jayadratha 3. 255. 42; 6. 43. 52; 7. 51. 9; 7. 53. 47-48; 7. 60. 28; 7. 103. 44-45; 7. 120. 18; 7. 121. 48;
C. The wretched of the Saindhavas: saindhavāpasada: Jayadratha 15. 17. 5.
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