सुपर्ण

यन्त्रोपारोपितकोशांशः

कल्पद्रुमः

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

सुपर्णः, पुं, (सुष्ठु पर्णं पक्षो यस्य ।) गरुडः । इत्यमरः । १ । १ । ३१ ॥ (यथा, रघुः ! १० । ६१ । “उह्यन्ते स्म सुपर्णेन वेगाकृष्टपयोमुचा ॥”) स्वर्णचूडपक्षी । कृतमालकवृक्षः । इति मेदिनी (पक्षिमात्रम् । यथा, मनुः । १ । ३७ । “नागान् सर्पान् सुपर्णांश्च पितॄऋणाञ्च पृथग्- गणान् ॥” विष्णुः । इति महाभारतम् । १३ । १४९ । ३४ ॥) शोभनपर्णविशिष्टे, त्रि ॥

अमरकोशः

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

सुपर्ण पुं।

गरुडः

समानार्थक:गरुत्मत्,गरुड,तार्क्ष्य,वैनतेय,खगेश्वर,नागान्तक,विष्णुरथ,सुपर्ण,पन्नगाशन,अहिभुज

1।1।29।2।3

गरुत्मान्गरुडस्तार्क्ष्यो वैनतेयः खगेश्वरः। नागान्तको विष्णुरथः सुपर्णः पन्नगाशनः॥

स्वामी : विष्णुः

सम्बन्धि1 : विष्णुः

पदार्थ-विभागः : , द्रव्यम्, पृथ्वी, चलसजीवः, मनुष्येतरः, अलौकिकप्राणी

वाचस्पत्यम्

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

सुपर्ण¦ पु॰ सुष्ठु पंर्णं पत्त्रं पक्षो वा यस्य।

१ गरुडे अमरः

२ सुन्दरपर्णयुक्ते त्रि॰

३ स्वर्णचूडखगे पुंस्त्री॰ स्त्रियांङीष्।

४ कृतमालवृक्षे पु॰ मेदि॰

५ नागकेशरे पु॰ त्रिका॰। कप्सुपर्णक। आरग्बधे वृक्षे सप्तच्छदवृक्षे जटा॰ गरुडे चहेमच॰। शालपर्ण्यां रेणुकायां पलाश्यां स्वर्णजीवन्त्यांवाकुच्यां स्त्री कापि अत इत्त्वम्।

शब्दसागरः

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

सुपर्ण¦ m. (-र्णः)
1. GARUD4A, the bird and vehicle of VISHN4U.
2. A tree, (Cassia fistula.)
3. A cock.
4. A being of a superhuman character, as GARUD4A, and other birds of an equally fanciful description; one of those classes first created by the BRAHMA4DIKAS, and included in the daily presentation of water to deceased ancestors, &c.
5. A ray of the sun. f. (-र्णा or -र्णी)
1. Name of the mother of GARUD4A.
2. A number of lotuses, or a pool abounding with them. Adj.
1. Well-winged.
2. Having beautiful leaves. E. सु handsome, and पर्ण a leaf or feather.

Monier-Williams

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण n. a beautiful leaf R.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण mf( ई)n. having -beautbeautiful leaves L.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण mf( ई)n. having -beautbeautiful wings RV.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. any large bird of prey (as a vulture , eagle ; also applicable to the sun or moon as " having -beautbeautiful rays " , and to सोमand clouds ; du. " sun and moon ") ib.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. any mythical or supernatural bird (often identified with गरुड, and sometimes personified as a ऋषि, a देव-गन्धर्व, and an असुर) RV. TS. Ka1t2h. MBh.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. a ray Naigh.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. a horse ib. Nir.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. a cock MW.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. a partic. array (as of an army) MBh.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. Cassia Fistula L.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. N. of a son of अन्तरिक्ष( v.l. -वर्ण) VP.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. of a mountain BhP.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. n. a partic. section of 103 Vedic verses MBh.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. N. of the mother of गरुडor of the प्राजापत्यआरुणिसुपर्णेयBhP. Na1rUp.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. of a river VP.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. = गरुडीMBh.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. the mother of सु-पर्णSuparn2.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. N. of one of the seven tongues of fire Gr2ihya1s.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. night Nir.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. a species of creeper(= पलाशी) L.

सुपर्ण/ सु--पर्ण m. a partic. drug(= रेणुका) ib.

Purana index

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

(I)--a name of गरुड; फलकम्:F1:  भा. III. 1. ३९; M. 8. 8; Vi. I. २१. १८.फलकम्:/F brother of अरुण; फलकम्:F2:  M. १७४. ४७.फलकम्:/F outwitted by कालनेमि in the तारकामय; फलकम्:F3:  Ib. १७३. ३२.फलकम्:/F residence of, in the मार्कण्डेय hill. फलकम्:F4:  वा. ४०. 1-2.फलकम्:/F

(II)--a boundary hill in प्लक्षद्वीप. भा. V. २०. 4.

(III)--an Asura residing in रसातलम्. Br. II. २०. ३९.

(IV)--a son of क्रोधा and a deva gandharva. Br. III. 6. ३९.

(V)--a Mauneya gandharva. Br. III. 7. ११.

(VI)--a brother of सुमती; wife of Sagara. Br. III. ६३. १५८.

(VII)--a देवगण. वा. ३१. १२.

(VIII)--a son of अन्तरिक्ष, and father of Ami- trajit. वा. ९९. २८६; Vi. IV. २२. 5. [page३-638+ २२]

Purana Encyclopedia

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

Garuḍa, Garutmant, Tārkṣya, Vainateya, Suparṇa  : m.: A mythical bird.


A. Origin: (a) According to 1. 2. 73 the origin is narrated in the Āstīkaparvan; mind-born (saṁkalpaja) son of Kaśyapa and Vinatā (1. 27. 27, hence often called Vainateya; also Vinatātmaja, Vinatāsuta, Vinatāsūnu) 1. 14. 6, 8; 1. 27. 2, 27, 34; 1. 59. 39; 1. 60. 67; 5. 103. 10; born from one of the two eggs of Vinatā placed in a warm pot (sopasveda bhāṇḍa) for over a thousand years; as advised by her elder son Aruṇa, Vinatā did not break the egg prematurely 1. 14. 12 14, 19-20; when the proper time came Garuḍa came out of the egg without mother's help 1. 20. 4; as soon as born he left the mother and flew up in the sky, from there to seek his destined food (serpents, hence pannagasūdana) 1. 14. 22-23; as son of Vinatā, he is counted among the six Vainateyas 1. 59. 39; 1. 114. 62; (1. 60. 38); (b) Garuḍa born due to the penance of the Vālakhilyas 1. 27. 27; once Indra disregarded the Vālakhilyas; so they offered a sacrifice to produce another Indra for gods who would be a hundred times more powerful than the then existing Indra 1. 27. 8-14; at the intervention of Kaśyapa Prajāpati, Vālakhilyas agreed to the proposal that the one to be born as a result of their sacrifice would be the ‘Indra’ of the birds 1. 27. 16, 20, 29; hence Garuḍa was consecrated as Indra of birds 1. 27. 35; Rudra gave a boon that the Vālakhilyas will produce by their penance Suparṇa, the bringer of Soma 13. 14. 62-63; (c) At birth, Garuḍa was of big size (mahākāyaḥ), having blazing lustre and looking like a mass of kindled fire 1. 20. 5, 7; all people thought him to be fire; gods and sages requested Agni not to burn the people; they were informed by Agni that the mass of fire was Garuḍa, Agni's equal in lustre 1. 20. 4-8; gods and sages praised Garuḍa, whereupon Garuḍa withdrew his lustre 1. 20. 10-14.


B. Progeny: Suparṇas: six sons of Garuḍa (Vainateya) Sumukha (6. 7. 12) and others, extended the lineage of Suparṇa; these live in the world of Suparṇas with serpents as their food 5. 99. 1; these six are thus the founders of the vinatākula 5. 99. 3.


C. Eminence: Garuḍa compared with Pinākin 1. 28. 20; Upamanyu said that Śiva was Vainateya among the birds 13. 14. 158; as the best among the birds he was counted among the Vibhūtis of Bhagavān 6. 32. 30; Arjuna was like Garuḍa among the birds 6. 116. 32; Vainateya never thought highly of other birds whenever he confronted them 6. 4. 34.


D. Bringer of amṛta (Soma): Some time after his birth Garuḍa approached his mother who, as the slave of Kadrū was on the other side of the ocean; at her instance Vainateya carried on his back serpents near the sun; serpents fainted due to sun's (hot) rays 1. 21. 5-6; when revived at Indra's intervention, Suparṇa carried them to a beautiful forest in an island, and from there to another island 1. 23. 1, 6-7; Garuḍa asked Vinatā why he must do whatever serpents asked him to do; knowing the reason (Vinatā's slavery), Garuḍa asked serpents how his mother could be freed from slavery; serpents asked him to get amṛta for them (1. 23. 1-12); before starting on his expedition, Garuḍa asked Vinatā what he might eat on his way; she asked him to eat the Niṣādas living in Niṣādālaya but warned him never to harm a Brāhmaṇa; Vinatā told Garuḍa how to recognize a Brāhmaṇa; at the time of his departure he was blessed by Vinatā; at Niṣādālaya he opened his beak and ate up those that entered it 1. 24. 1-14; a Brāhmaṇa and his wife inadvertently got into his beak and burnt his throat; Garuḍa opened the beak and let the Brāhmaṇa and his wife, a Niṣādī, slip out, he was blessed by the Brāhmaṇa 1. 25. 1-5; further on his way he met his father Kaśyapa whom he told that he was on his way to get Soma (1. 25. 7; amṛta 1. 25. 9) and asked what else he might eat; Kaśyapa asked him to eat Supratīka, (an elephant) and Vibhāvasu (a tortoise), both of enormous size, and blessed him 1. 25. 7-9, 25; Garuda picked up the elephant and the tortoise (who, according to 5. 107. 16, lived in the south and used to fight with each other) with his nails and went to Alambatīrtha and sat on a Rohiṇa tree to eat the two; the branch gave way under the tremendous weight 1. 25. 27-33; on this branch were the Vālakhilyas; to save them from destruction Garuḍa (Tārkṣya 1. 26. 18) held the branch in his beak and flew around; not finding a place to rest Garuḍa went to his father Kaśyapa on the Gandhamādana mountain; Kaśyapa told the Vālakhilyas that Garuḍa's endeavour was in the interest of the living beings; they left the branch; Garuḍa (Vinatātmaja 1. 26. 15) asked Kaśyapa to direct him to a place, free from Brāhmaṇas, where he might leave the branch; as advised, Garuḍa went to an uninhabited mountain covered with snow and there ate the elephant and the tortoise 1. 26. 1-16; as Garuḍa drew near the place of amṛta, there were bad omens for gods; when Indra enquired the reason, Brahaspati told him that Garuḍa was arriving to fetch Soma 1. 26. 36-37 (called also amṛta 1. 26. 38); Bṛhaspati told the gods that Garuḍa was of incomparable strength and would achieve what was most difficult to achieve (asādhyam api sādhayet) 1. 26. 37; Garuḍa (Garutmart 1. 28. 1; Vainateya 1. 28. 14; Vinatāsuta 1. 28. 20) fought with Bhauvana, the protector of Soma (1. 28. 3), with other gods who were protecting amṛta (1. 28. 6), an with birds (pakṣin) like Aśvakranda, Reṇuka and others; he killed these, and put gods to flight; he fought with wings, beak and nails 1. 28. 1-20; after the fight Garuḍa saw amṛta surrounded by fire; he divided his mouth into ninety times ninety, fetched water in them from rivers, poured it on the fire and pacified it; to enter the fire he became small in size 1. 28. 22-25; near the amṛta he saw a wheel of iron (ayasmaya), of sharp edge, which was a device (yantra) created by gods to cut down those who might try to steal Soma; as he entered through the spokes of the wheel he saw two serpents, with poison in their eyes (cakṣurviṣau), guarding amṛta; anyone seen by them would be reduced to ashes; Suparṇa blinded their eyes with dust and, unseen, he (Vainateya) snatched Soma and flew away quickly; with the force of his speed he uprooted (unmath-) the yantra 1. 29. 2-10; he himself did not taste the amṛta but asked a boon from Viṣṇu that he should become undecaying and immortal without tasting amṛta 1. 29. 11, 14; without going near him Indra struck Garuḍa, as he was taking away amṛta, with his vajra; to respect the sage (Dadhīca 1. 127. 12) from whose bones the vajra was fashioned, the vajra itself, and Indra, Garuḍa released a feather from his wings, as though due to the stroke of vajra, but otherwise was not affected by the vajra 1. 29. 17-20; seeing the feather of excellent form all beings (sarvabhūtāni) said “may this bird be Suparṇa” (surūpaṁ patram ālakṣya suparṇo 'yaṁ bhavatv iti) 1. 29. 21; Indra sought Garuḍa's friendship, and Garuḍa agreed 1. 29. 23; 1. 30. 1 (Kaśyapa had prophesied before Garuḍa's birth that he would be the helper of Indra 1. 27. 30); Indra requested Garuḍa to return Soma, but Garuḍa told him the purpose of taking it away; both hatched a plan-Indra was to take away amṛta once Garuḍa had placed it before the serpents and freed his mother from slavery 1. 30. 7-9; Indra granted Garuḍa a boon, and he chose serpents to be his food 1. 30. 10-12 (hence his epithets like pannagāśana 2. 22. 23; 5. 110. 5, 15; 5. 117. 23; pannagasūdana 1. 14. 22; bhujagendrāri 5. 110. 1; bhujagāri 10. 13. 4); Garuḍa brought amṛta to serpents and placed it for them on the kuśa grass; he asked them to take it after they had bathed and become auspicious (maṅgalasaṁyuktāḥ); he asked serpents to free his mother from slavery from that day; the serpents agreed and went to bathe; Garuḍa (Suparṇa) was happy to roam with his mother Vinatā freely in the forest and to gladden her 1. 30. 14-21 (Aruṇa, Garuḍa's elder brother, had prophesied that Garuḍa would free Vinatā from slavery 1. 14. 18); phalaśruti: One who hears or recites this narrative (kathā) will go to heaven due to his glorifying Garuḍa, the lord of the birds (patagapati) 1. 30. 22.


E. Gālava episode: Gālava was asked by his teacher Viśvāmitra to give him as dakṣiṇā eight hundred moon-like white horses, each having a black ear on one side (5. 104. 26); not knowing how to procure these, Gālava desired to take recourse to Viṣṇu; just then Garuḍa (Vinatātmaja), the friend of Gālava, appeared before him and offered to take him to any place 5. 105. 14-19; Suparṇa described to Gālava the four directions 5. Adh. 106-109; he told Gālava the etymology of the name of the direction uttarā (yasmād uttāryate pāpāt ‘because one is freed there from sin’ 5. 109. 1; also guṇair anyair dig uttarā ‘a direction superior (to others) in different qualities’, and sarvakarmasu cottarā ‘better (than other directions) for performing all rites’ 5. 109. 24); Gālava requested Garuḍa (named variously as Garutmant, Suparṇa, Vinatātmaja, Tārkṣya, Aruṇānuja) to take him to the east; Garuḍa (Vinatāsūnu) agreed and asked Galava to mount him 5. 110. 1-4; unable to stand the speed of Garuḍa, Gālava requested him (Vinatātmaja) not to proceed further but to return to their place 5. 110. 14-15; Gālava told Garuḍa that his real purpose was to obtain the eight hundred horses and since he knew no way to obtain them he thought of giving up his life that way 5. 110. 16-17; Garuḍa (Vinatātmaja) found fault with Gālava for wanting to end his life and told him: “The time of death is not determined by any person, Kāla is rather supreme (na cāpi kṛtrimaḥ kālaḥ kālo hi parameśvaraḥ [Nīla.: kṛtrimaḥ svecchāsampādyaḥ 5. 112. 20 Bom. Ed.]) 5. 110. 19-20; he told Gālava that they would first repair to mountain Ṛṣabha in the heart of the ocean, eat, rest, and then return 5. 110. 22; on the peak of the Ṛṣabha mountain Suparṇa and Gālava met a Brāhmaṇī Śāṇḍilī; they ate the food cooked by her and slept; when Suparṇa woke up he found himself to be just a ball of meat, bereft of wings, with only mouth and feet left; he was reduced to that state because he belittled Śāṇḍilī and had planned to take her away from that place; he begged for forgiveness; Śāṇḍilī relented and told Garuḍa that he would be ‘Suparṇa’ again; Garuḍa got back his wings which were stronger than before (Nīla. draviṇavattarau = balavattarau 5. 113. 17 Bom. Ed.) 5. 111. 17; Śāṇḍilī advised Garuḍa not to despise women at any time even if they deserved to be despised (na ca te garhaṇīyāpi garhaṇīyāḥ striyaḥ kvacit 5. 111. 16) 5. 111. 1-17; when Viśvāmitra, on his way, saw Gālava without the horses he had asked for, he blamed him in the presence of Vainateya and said he would further wait for a period of the same duration as before; Suparṇa, having heard what Viśvāmitra had said, explained to Gālava the importance of gold and wealth (he told him the etymology of the word dhana: dhatte dhārayate cedam etasmāt kāraṇād dhanam 5. 112. 2) and took him to his friend, king Yayāti, for getting wealth to purchase the required horses; when they met Yayāti, Garuḍa (vinatāsuta) requested him on Gālava's behalf to part with some wealth; Garuḍa assured Yayāti that Gālava in return would give him a part of his tapas; Garuḍa told Yayāti that since he was qualified to give a gift and Gālava to receive it his giving gift to Gālava would be like pouring milk in a conch shell (śaṅkhe kṣīram ivāsaktam 5. 112. 20) 5. 111. 18-23; 5. 112. 1-20; Yayāti listened to what Suparṇa had said; he was delighted to meet Tārkṣya, his friend; but Yayāti told him that he was no longer wealthy; however as it was not meet to frustrate the hopes of a viprarṣi, he was prepared to part with his daughter Mādhavī by marrying whom to some king Gālava could acquire wealth as bride price (śulka) to buy the horses; Garuḍa having shown the way to Gālava to acquire the horses left him and went to his residence 5. 113. 1-16; when Gālava had procured six hundred out of the eight hundred required śyāmakarṇa horses, he met Garuḍa (Vinatātmaja) again 5. 116. 21; Garuḍa (Vainateya) heard Gālava's story; he (Suparṇa) told Gālava that he would never find more than six hundred horses as, before him, Ṛcīka did not get more than six hundred horses; Garuḍa advised Gālava to give Mādhavī to Viśvāmitra in lieu of the remaining two hundred horses; Suparṇa then took Gālava, Mādhavī and the six hundred horses to Viśvāmitra; Gālava was thus able to pay the dakṣiṇā his teacher had demanded with the help of Suparṇa; Gālava permitted Suparṇa to leave 5. 117. 1-23.


F. Sumukha (a serpent) episode: Serpent Āryaka told Mātali who wanted his daughter to be married to Sumukha that Cikura, his son, was killed by Vainateya and that the same fate awaited his grand-son Sumukha in a month's time; Mātali assured Āryaka that he would endeavour to mitigate the threat of Suparṇa to Sumukha; when they all approached Indra, Viṣṇu asked Indra to give amṛta to Sumukha and make him immortal; Indra, remembering the prowess of Vainateya, was reluctant to part with amṛta and asked Viṣṇu himself to give it to Sumukha; when asked by Viṣṇu again, Indra gave only long life to Cikura but not amṛta 5. 102. 14-27; 5. 101. 24.


G. Association with Viṣṇu:

(1) As standing on his flag-staff and as his vehicle: While fetching amṛta from heaven, Vainateya met Viṣṇu on way; when offered a boon by Viṣṇu, Garuḍa chose that he should stay above Viṣṇu (tava tiṣṭheyam upari); when Garuḍa in return offered a boon to Viṣṇu, he chose Garuḍa to serve him as his vehicle (vāhana), and since Garuḍa wanted to stand above him Viṣṇu asked Garuḍa to stand on his flag-staff (dhvajaṁ ca cakre) 1. 29. 12-16; hence after the death of Jarāsandha when Kṛṣṇa thought of Garuḍa (Garutmant), he instantly appeared and took his seat on (the flag-staff of) the chariot; the flag-staff then appeared as a raised caitya post 2. 22. 2223; Kṛṣṇa's flag marked with Garuḍa when he started for Hāstinapura 5. 81. 20; when Dāruka brought Kṛṣṇa's chariot for the use of Sātyaki it was marked with Suparṇa 7. 122. 43; also 7. 56. 33 (Vainateya); when Kṛṣṇa got his chariot ready to pursue Aśvatthāman, Vainateya stood on the flag-staff 10. 13. 4; when, at the end, the Vṛṣṇis were helplessly looking on, Suparṇa on the flag of Kṛṣṇa was taken away day and night by the Apsaras 16. 4. 5; Kṛṣṇa (Viṣṇu) is called Garuḍadhvaja 7. 57. 2; 13. 11. 5; 13. 135. 51; Suparṇaketu 3. 173. 15; Tārkṣyaketana 2. 2. 12; 12. 48. 14; Tārkṣyapravaraketana 2. 42. 55; Tārkṣyadhvaja 8. 27. 65; (also cf. 12. 46. 34); Tārkṣyalakṣaṇa 12. 43. 8; Kṛṣṇa used Vainateya as his vehicle while fetching Pārijāta from Amarāvatī 7. 10. 22; he used Tārkṣya as vehicle while going to Himavant to propitiate Śiva 13. 14. 26 and Vainateya while waiting on him 13. 14. 142; Garuḍa felt he was disregarded by Indra because he stood on the flag of Indra's younger brother and because he carried him (Kṛṣṇa) on his back and was thus reduced to the state of a servant 5. 103. 13, 8; Viṣṇu asked Garutmant to bring king Vasu Uparicara from Pātāla and make him a khecara 12. 324. 30-35;

(2) Removal of Garuḍa's pride: When Garuḍa knew that Indra had granted long life to the serpent Sumukha he blamed Indra for depriving him of his food; he threatened to give up his life and said that as long as Indra was there he had nothing to do with Viṣṇu (na viṣṇuḥ kāraṇaṁ mama) 5. 103. 1-17; Viṣṇu scolded Garuḍa (Tārkṣya, Garutmant) for praising himself although in reality he was very weak; Viṣṇu told Garuḍa that he did not really carry Viṣṇu but Viṣṇu carried himself and also Garuḍa (aham evātmanātmānaṁ vahāmi tvāṁ ca dhāraye 5. 103. 20); however he asked Garuḍa to carry only his right arm, and when the arm was placed on Garuḍa he fell down under its weight and became almost unconscious (vicetāḥ); he shed many feathers; Viṣṇu did not deprive him of his life; finally Garuḍa bowed down to Viṣṇu and begged for forgiveness 5. 103. 18-30.


H. Association with Śeṣa: Śeṣa complained to Pitāmaha that his dull-witted brothers (serpents) hated their brother (cousin) Vainateya and he in turn hated them 1. 32. 10-11; Pitāmaha then made Garuḍa (Suparṇa, Vainateya) a friend of Śeṣa 1. 32. 25.


I. Association with Skanda: Suparṇa gave Skanda a feather and a peacock as toy (krīḍanīya) 13. 86. 20-21; he gave peacock to Skanda 9. 45. 46; he attended Skanda's consecration as general of the army 9. 44. 14; some of the warriors of Skanda were Garuḍa-faced (garuḍānanāḥ) 9. 44. 79.


J. Garuḍa's other feats:

(1) Suparṇa swallowed a quail which, however, was freed by Aśvinau 1. 3. 62;

(2) Garutmant often went to the mountain Himavant 12. 314. 6; Suparṇa once carried away forcibly the big snake Ṛddhimant living near a lake on the Gandhamādana mountain; the wonderful feat (adbhutam) was witnessed by the Pāṇḍavas 3. 157. 14-15;

(3) A serpent (not named), husband of the daughter of Airāvata, killed by Suparṇa 6. 86. 7;

(4) Suparṇa (and Suparṇas) fought with Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna who protected the fire at Khāṇḍava; he fought with wings, beak, and nails 1. 218. 19-20; 8. 63. 68 (nakha, daśana (? for beak);

(5) During his fight with demons (Daiteyas) he performed the great feat of killing six of them 5. 103. 11-12.


K. Strength: Indra described Garuḍa as a great being (mahad bhūtam) and wished to know the extent of his strength (1. 29. 22, 23); Garuḍa said that although good persons did not themselves describe their strength and virtues he would do so due to his friendship with Indra; Garuḍa could carry the whole earth with mountains etc., the worlds, even with Śakra, with only a quill of his feather (pakṣanāḍī), and this without feeling fatigue 1. 30. 2-5; also cf. 1. 20. 10-14; 1. 26. 6-9; 5. 103. 10-11, 17.


L. Greatness:

(1) Called mahātman 1. 28. 24;

(2) Destined to be the only Indra of all birds and was so consecrated 1. 27. 29, 35; hence he is called khageśvara 1. 20. 14; khagarāj 9. 16. 57; pakṣirāj 1. 24. 12; 1. 25. 6; 1. 27. 2; 1. 28. 1, 10, 13; 1. 96. 36; 7. 103. 8; 7. 47. 35; pakṣirāja (Garutmān) 12. 314. 6; gaganacareśvara 1. 24. 14; patageśvara 1. 20. 10; patagarāja 5. 113. 17; 7. 99. 12; patagapati 1. 30. 22; patagendra 1. 28. 4, 16; 5. 81. 20; patagottama 1. 23. 6, 9; patagaśreṣṭha 8. 27. 40; patatāṁ vara 3. 13. 82; 5. 112. 1; 5. 117. 3; dvijottama 12. 324. 30-32;

(3) Vainateya is counted among the Ādityas 1. 60. 38;

(4) he moved at will (kāmacārī, kāmagamaḥ) and had any amount of strength according to his wish (kāmavīrya); he was irresistible (adhṛṣya) and could not be killed (avadhya) 1. 21. 1; 1. 27. 2, 3, 29;

(5) Vainateya present among those who greeted Arjuna's birth 1. 114. 62;

(6) The account of Garuḍa is the subject matter of a Purāṇa 1. 27. 4, 3.


M. Comparisons with Garuḍa:

(1) Based on his enmity with serpents: Bhīṣma wanted to kill Śālva as Garuḍa killed a serpent 1. 96. 36; also 7. 35. 27; 7. 149. 26; 8. 63. 68; 8. 66. 22; (Garutmant) 3. 157. 66; 7. 114. 87; 8. 40. 68; (Vainateya) 7. 13. 73; 7. 164. 145; (Tārkṣya) 7. 13. 54; 7. 114. 57; 8. 15. 41; 8. 19. 6; (Suparṇa) 3. 253. 5; (khagarāj) 9. 16. 57; warriors routed by Sātyaki took refuge with Droṇa as serpents, frightened by patagarāja, did in holes 7. 99. 12; 1. 202. 17 (Vainateya); man is freed of sins by seeing Gaṅgā as serpents lose poison at the sight of Tārkṣya 13. 27. 43; [also see the next];

(2) Based on his speed, vehemence and agility: (i) arrows: speed of arrows compared to that of Suparṇa 7. 109. 32; 6. 79. 50 (Garutmant); (ii) horses: Arjuna's horses compared with Garuḍa 8. 45. 68; 7. 103. 8 (Suparṇa); speed of horses dispatched by Duryodhana like that of Garutmant (pl.) 6. 101. 12; the chariot of Duḥṣanta compared with Suparṇa 1. 63. 11; (iii) individual heroes: Aśvatthāman's speed, while rushing to attack Dhṛṣṭadyumna, compared to that of Garuḍa rushing to catch a serpent 8. 42. 39; Abhimanyu so compared 7. 51. 7 (Suparṇa); 7. 47. 35 (pakṣirāj); Bhīma so compared 3. 153. 19 (Vainateya); 7. 31. 61 (Vainateya); Ghaṭotkaca so compared 6. 89. 5 (Vainateya); (iv) birds: swans 8. 28. 14; owl 10. 1. 36 (Suparṇa); laṭvā 8. 27. 40 (Suparṇa, Vainateya);

(3) The breeze produced by his flight: (i) horses compared with it 7. 36. 21 (garuḍānilaraṁhobhiḥ …hayaiḥ); 7. 74. 10 (Tārkṣya); (ii) arrows: 7. 172. 22; 8. 62. 51 (?) (Suparṇa); (iii) strong wind 3. 157. 19 (Suparṇa);

(4) The noise produced by flight: (i) chariot's sound compared with it 3. 230. 18; 6. 86. 18 (Suparṇa); sound of Arjuna's chariot like that of Garuḍa rushing for serpents 8. 55. 22;

(5) Capacity to carry burden: Bhīma, taking his mother and brothers on his back, would fly like Vainateya 3. 13. 82;

(6) Lustre: Śuka flying up from Kailāsa towards heaven had the lustre (dyuti) of Vainateya 12. 319. 11; Sutasoma appeared to have the lustre equal to the prowess of Tārkṣya 8. 18. 32;

(7) Formidable appearance: Bhīma with his mace, ready to fight with Duryodhana, looked like Garutmant 9. 54. 14; Bhīma and Duryodhana fought as two Garutmants would for the flesh of a serpent 9. 57. 23; the capital at Khāṇḍavaprastha protected by gates known as two winged Garuḍa (dvipakṣagaruḍaprakhyaiḥ dvāraiḥ 1. 199. 31);

(8) Superiority among birds: Bhīṣma to be the general of the Kauravas as Suparṇa was of birds 5. 153. 13;

(9) Body shape: (i) a large vyūha (mahāvyūha) called Garuḍa or Gāruḍa Vyūha due to its lay-out 6. 52. 2-9;

(2) agniciti of Yudhiṣṭhira's horse-sacrifice was of the shape of Garuḍa 14. 90. 31;

(10) Persons and birds compared with Garuḍa: Kṛṣṇa 5. 69. 5; Sampāti 3. 266. 46; a hawk 3. 131. 13 (Suparṇa pakṣirāj); a crow mistakenly considered himself to be equal to Suparṇa 8. 28. 49.


_______________________________
*4th word in left half of page p15_mci (+offset) in original book.

previous page p14_mci .......... next page p21_mci

Suparṇa  : m.: See Garuḍa.


_______________________________
*3rd word in left half of page p70_mci (+offset) in original book.

Garuḍa (Suparṇa)  : m.: Name of a particular arrangement of the army (vyūha), described as mahāvyūha 6. 52. 2; also called Suparṇa 7. 19. 4, which is described as ‘superhuman’ (atimānuṣa) and ‘invincible by the enemies’ (ajayyam aribhiḥ) 7. 19. 21.

1. On the third day of the war Bhīṣma arranged the Kaurava army according to the Garuḍavyūha; at its ‘beak’ (tuṇḍa) stood Bhīṣma himself; its ‘eyes’ (cakṣuṣī) were Droṇa and Kṛtavarman; Aśvatthāman and Kṛpa, supported by the Trigartas, Matsyas, Kaikayas and Vāṭadhānas, formed the ‘head’ (śīrṣa); at its ‘neck’ (grīvā) were stationed Bhūriśravas, Śala, Śalya, Bhagadatta, Jayadratha, and the Madrakas, the Sindhusauvīras and the Pañcanadas; at its ‘back’ (pṛṣṭha) was king Duryodhana with his brothers and followers; the ‘tail’ (puccha) was made up by Vinda, Anuvinda, the Kāmboja, and the Śakas, as well as the Śūrasenas; the Māgadhas, the Kaliṅgas and the Dāśerakas stood at the right wing (dakṣiṇa pakṣa), while on the left (vāma pakṣa) were the Kānanas, the Vikuñjas, the Muktas, and the Puṇḍrāviṣes together with Bṛhadbala 6. 52. 3-9; 2. On the twelfth day of the war Droṇa arranged the Kaurava army according to the Suparṇa (Garuḍa) vyūha; at its entrance (mukha) stood Droṇa; its ‘head’ (śiras) was Duryodhana with his brothers and followers; its ‘eyes’ (cakṣuṣī) were Kṛtavarman and Gautama (Kṛpa), together with Bhūtavarman, Kṣemaśarman, Karakarṣa, and the warriors from the Kaliṅga and other countries; at its ‘neck’ (grīvā) were Śūrasenas, Daradas and others with their armies consisting of elephants, chariots, horsemen and foot-soldiers; Bhūriśravas, Śala, Śalya, Somadatta and Bāhlika with an army consisting of one akṣauhiṇī formed the right wing (dakṣiṇa pakṣa); Vinda and Anuvinda of the Avanti country, and Sudakṣiṇa from the Kamboja occupied the left wing (vāma pakṣa), and took positions in front of Aśvatthāman; at the ‘back’ (pṛṣṭha) of the vyūha were the Kaliṅgas, the Ambaṣṭhas and others; at the ‘tail’ (puccha) was Karṇa with his sons and relatives; Jayadratha, Bhīmaratha and other heroes stood ‘above’ (?) the vyūha (vyūhasyopari) 7. 19. 5-14; the vyūha looked like an ocean tossed by wind 7. 19. 15; from its wings and ends of wings rushed (elephants) eager to fight; in the midst of this army of elephants stood the king of Prāgjyotiṣa (Bhagadatta) mounted on an elephant duly prepared for fight; Bhagadatta was surrounded by many kings from mountain countries (pārvatīyaiḥ samanvitaḥ) 7. 19. 16-20.


_______________________________
*1st word in left half of page p97_mci (+offset) in original book.

Suparṇa  : m.: Name of a Vyūha (7. 19. 4-5). [See Garuḍa ]


_______________________________
*2nd word in right half of page p156_mci (+offset) in original book.

Mahabharata Cultural Index

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

Garuḍa, Garutmant, Tārkṣya, Vainateya, Suparṇa  : m.: A mythical bird.


A. Origin: (a) According to 1. 2. 73 the origin is narrated in the Āstīkaparvan; mind-born (saṁkalpaja) son of Kaśyapa and Vinatā (1. 27. 27, hence often called Vainateya; also Vinatātmaja, Vinatāsuta, Vinatāsūnu) 1. 14. 6, 8; 1. 27. 2, 27, 34; 1. 59. 39; 1. 60. 67; 5. 103. 10; born from one of the two eggs of Vinatā placed in a warm pot (sopasveda bhāṇḍa) for over a thousand years; as advised by her elder son Aruṇa, Vinatā did not break the egg prematurely 1. 14. 12 14, 19-20; when the proper time came Garuḍa came out of the egg without mother's help 1. 20. 4; as soon as born he left the mother and flew up in the sky, from there to seek his destined food (serpents, hence pannagasūdana) 1. 14. 22-23; as son of Vinatā, he is counted among the six Vainateyas 1. 59. 39; 1. 114. 62; (1. 60. 38); (b) Garuḍa born due to the penance of the Vālakhilyas 1. 27. 27; once Indra disregarded the Vālakhilyas; so they offered a sacrifice to produce another Indra for gods who would be a hundred times more powerful than the then existing Indra 1. 27. 8-14; at the intervention of Kaśyapa Prajāpati, Vālakhilyas agreed to the proposal that the one to be born as a result of their sacrifice would be the ‘Indra’ of the birds 1. 27. 16, 20, 29; hence Garuḍa was consecrated as Indra of birds 1. 27. 35; Rudra gave a boon that the Vālakhilyas will produce by their penance Suparṇa, the bringer of Soma 13. 14. 62-63; (c) At birth, Garuḍa was of big size (mahākāyaḥ), having blazing lustre and looking like a mass of kindled fire 1. 20. 5, 7; all people thought him to be fire; gods and sages requested Agni not to burn the people; they were informed by Agni that the mass of fire was Garuḍa, Agni's equal in lustre 1. 20. 4-8; gods and sages praised Garuḍa, whereupon Garuḍa withdrew his lustre 1. 20. 10-14.


B. Progeny: Suparṇas: six sons of Garuḍa (Vainateya) Sumukha (6. 7. 12) and others, extended the lineage of Suparṇa; these live in the world of Suparṇas with serpents as their food 5. 99. 1; these six are thus the founders of the vinatākula 5. 99. 3.


C. Eminence: Garuḍa compared with Pinākin 1. 28. 20; Upamanyu said that Śiva was Vainateya among the birds 13. 14. 158; as the best among the birds he was counted among the Vibhūtis of Bhagavān 6. 32. 30; Arjuna was like Garuḍa among the birds 6. 116. 32; Vainateya never thought highly of other birds whenever he confronted them 6. 4. 34.


D. Bringer of amṛta (Soma): Some time after his birth Garuḍa approached his mother who, as the slave of Kadrū was on the other side of the ocean; at her instance Vainateya carried on his back serpents near the sun; serpents fainted due to sun's (hot) rays 1. 21. 5-6; when revived at Indra's intervention, Suparṇa carried them to a beautiful forest in an island, and from there to another island 1. 23. 1, 6-7; Garuḍa asked Vinatā why he must do whatever serpents asked him to do; knowing the reason (Vinatā's slavery), Garuḍa asked serpents how his mother could be freed from slavery; serpents asked him to get amṛta for them (1. 23. 1-12); before starting on his expedition, Garuḍa asked Vinatā what he might eat on his way; she asked him to eat the Niṣādas living in Niṣādālaya but warned him never to harm a Brāhmaṇa; Vinatā told Garuḍa how to recognize a Brāhmaṇa; at the time of his departure he was blessed by Vinatā; at Niṣādālaya he opened his beak and ate up those that entered it 1. 24. 1-14; a Brāhmaṇa and his wife inadvertently got into his beak and burnt his throat; Garuḍa opened the beak and let the Brāhmaṇa and his wife, a Niṣādī, slip out, he was blessed by the Brāhmaṇa 1. 25. 1-5; further on his way he met his father Kaśyapa whom he told that he was on his way to get Soma (1. 25. 7; amṛta 1. 25. 9) and asked what else he might eat; Kaśyapa asked him to eat Supratīka, (an elephant) and Vibhāvasu (a tortoise), both of enormous size, and blessed him 1. 25. 7-9, 25; Garuda picked up the elephant and the tortoise (who, according to 5. 107. 16, lived in the south and used to fight with each other) with his nails and went to Alambatīrtha and sat on a Rohiṇa tree to eat the two; the branch gave way under the tremendous weight 1. 25. 27-33; on this branch were the Vālakhilyas; to save them from destruction Garuḍa (Tārkṣya 1. 26. 18) held the branch in his beak and flew around; not finding a place to rest Garuḍa went to his father Kaśyapa on the Gandhamādana mountain; Kaśyapa told the Vālakhilyas that Garuḍa's endeavour was in the interest of the living beings; they left the branch; Garuḍa (Vinatātmaja 1. 26. 15) asked Kaśyapa to direct him to a place, free from Brāhmaṇas, where he might leave the branch; as advised, Garuḍa went to an uninhabited mountain covered with snow and there ate the elephant and the tortoise 1. 26. 1-16; as Garuḍa drew near the place of amṛta, there were bad omens for gods; when Indra enquired the reason, Brahaspati told him that Garuḍa was arriving to fetch Soma 1. 26. 36-37 (called also amṛta 1. 26. 38); Bṛhaspati told the gods that Garuḍa was of incomparable strength and would achieve what was most difficult to achieve (asādhyam api sādhayet) 1. 26. 37; Garuḍa (Garutmart 1. 28. 1; Vainateya 1. 28. 14; Vinatāsuta 1. 28. 20) fought with Bhauvana, the protector of Soma (1. 28. 3), with other gods who were protecting amṛta (1. 28. 6), an with birds (pakṣin) like Aśvakranda, Reṇuka and others; he killed these, and put gods to flight; he fought with wings, beak and nails 1. 28. 1-20; after the fight Garuḍa saw amṛta surrounded by fire; he divided his mouth into ninety times ninety, fetched water in them from rivers, poured it on the fire and pacified it; to enter the fire he became small in size 1. 28. 22-25; near the amṛta he saw a wheel of iron (ayasmaya), of sharp edge, which was a device (yantra) created by gods to cut down those who might try to steal Soma; as he entered through the spokes of the wheel he saw two serpents, with poison in their eyes (cakṣurviṣau), guarding amṛta; anyone seen by them would be reduced to ashes; Suparṇa blinded their eyes with dust and, unseen, he (Vainateya) snatched Soma and flew away quickly; with the force of his speed he uprooted (unmath-) the yantra 1. 29. 2-10; he himself did not taste the amṛta but asked a boon from Viṣṇu that he should become undecaying and immortal without tasting amṛta 1. 29. 11, 14; without going near him Indra struck Garuḍa, as he was taking away amṛta, with his vajra; to respect the sage (Dadhīca 1. 127. 12) from whose bones the vajra was fashioned, the vajra itself, and Indra, Garuḍa released a feather from his wings, as though due to the stroke of vajra, but otherwise was not affected by the vajra 1. 29. 17-20; seeing the feather of excellent form all beings (sarvabhūtāni) said “may this bird be Suparṇa” (surūpaṁ patram ālakṣya suparṇo 'yaṁ bhavatv iti) 1. 29. 21; Indra sought Garuḍa's friendship, and Garuḍa agreed 1. 29. 23; 1. 30. 1 (Kaśyapa had prophesied before Garuḍa's birth that he would be the helper of Indra 1. 27. 30); Indra requested Garuḍa to return Soma, but Garuḍa told him the purpose of taking it away; both hatched a plan-Indra was to take away amṛta once Garuḍa had placed it before the serpents and freed his mother from slavery 1. 30. 7-9; Indra granted Garuḍa a boon, and he chose serpents to be his food 1. 30. 10-12 (hence his epithets like pannagāśana 2. 22. 23; 5. 110. 5, 15; 5. 117. 23; pannagasūdana 1. 14. 22; bhujagendrāri 5. 110. 1; bhujagāri 10. 13. 4); Garuḍa brought amṛta to serpents and placed it for them on the kuśa grass; he asked them to take it after they had bathed and become auspicious (maṅgalasaṁyuktāḥ); he asked serpents to free his mother from slavery from that day; the serpents agreed and went to bathe; Garuḍa (Suparṇa) was happy to roam with his mother Vinatā freely in the forest and to gladden her 1. 30. 14-21 (Aruṇa, Garuḍa's elder brother, had prophesied that Garuḍa would free Vinatā from slavery 1. 14. 18); phalaśruti: One who hears or recites this narrative (kathā) will go to heaven due to his glorifying Garuḍa, the lord of the birds (patagapati) 1. 30. 22.


E. Gālava episode: Gālava was asked by his teacher Viśvāmitra to give him as dakṣiṇā eight hundred moon-like white horses, each having a black ear on one side (5. 104. 26); not knowing how to procure these, Gālava desired to take recourse to Viṣṇu; just then Garuḍa (Vinatātmaja), the friend of Gālava, appeared before him and offered to take him to any place 5. 105. 14-19; Suparṇa described to Gālava the four directions 5. Adh. 106-109; he told Gālava the etymology of the name of the direction uttarā (yasmād uttāryate pāpāt ‘because one is freed there from sin’ 5. 109. 1; also guṇair anyair dig uttarā ‘a direction superior (to others) in different qualities’, and sarvakarmasu cottarā ‘better (than other directions) for performing all rites’ 5. 109. 24); Gālava requested Garuḍa (named variously as Garutmant, Suparṇa, Vinatātmaja, Tārkṣya, Aruṇānuja) to take him to the east; Garuḍa (Vinatāsūnu) agreed and asked Galava to mount him 5. 110. 1-4; unable to stand the speed of Garuḍa, Gālava requested him (Vinatātmaja) not to proceed further but to return to their place 5. 110. 14-15; Gālava told Garuḍa that his real purpose was to obtain the eight hundred horses and since he knew no way to obtain them he thought of giving up his life that way 5. 110. 16-17; Garuḍa (Vinatātmaja) found fault with Gālava for wanting to end his life and told him: “The time of death is not determined by any person, Kāla is rather supreme (na cāpi kṛtrimaḥ kālaḥ kālo hi parameśvaraḥ [Nīla.: kṛtrimaḥ svecchāsampādyaḥ 5. 112. 20 Bom. Ed.]) 5. 110. 19-20; he told Gālava that they would first repair to mountain Ṛṣabha in the heart of the ocean, eat, rest, and then return 5. 110. 22; on the peak of the Ṛṣabha mountain Suparṇa and Gālava met a Brāhmaṇī Śāṇḍilī; they ate the food cooked by her and slept; when Suparṇa woke up he found himself to be just a ball of meat, bereft of wings, with only mouth and feet left; he was reduced to that state because he belittled Śāṇḍilī and had planned to take her away from that place; he begged for forgiveness; Śāṇḍilī relented and told Garuḍa that he would be ‘Suparṇa’ again; Garuḍa got back his wings which were stronger than before (Nīla. draviṇavattarau = balavattarau 5. 113. 17 Bom. Ed.) 5. 111. 17; Śāṇḍilī advised Garuḍa not to despise women at any time even if they deserved to be despised (na ca te garhaṇīyāpi garhaṇīyāḥ striyaḥ kvacit 5. 111. 16) 5. 111. 1-17; when Viśvāmitra, on his way, saw Gālava without the horses he had asked for, he blamed him in the presence of Vainateya and said he would further wait for a period of the same duration as before; Suparṇa, having heard what Viśvāmitra had said, explained to Gālava the importance of gold and wealth (he told him the etymology of the word dhana: dhatte dhārayate cedam etasmāt kāraṇād dhanam 5. 112. 2) and took him to his friend, king Yayāti, for getting wealth to purchase the required horses; when they met Yayāti, Garuḍa (vinatāsuta) requested him on Gālava's behalf to part with some wealth; Garuḍa assured Yayāti that Gālava in return would give him a part of his tapas; Garuḍa told Yayāti that since he was qualified to give a gift and Gālava to receive it his giving gift to Gālava would be like pouring milk in a conch shell (śaṅkhe kṣīram ivāsaktam 5. 112. 20) 5. 111. 18-23; 5. 112. 1-20; Yayāti listened to what Suparṇa had said; he was delighted to meet Tārkṣya, his friend; but Yayāti told him that he was no longer wealthy; however as it was not meet to frustrate the hopes of a viprarṣi, he was prepared to part with his daughter Mādhavī by marrying whom to some king Gālava could acquire wealth as bride price (śulka) to buy the horses; Garuḍa having shown the way to Gālava to acquire the horses left him and went to his residence 5. 113. 1-16; when Gālava had procured six hundred out of the eight hundred required śyāmakarṇa horses, he met Garuḍa (Vinatātmaja) again 5. 116. 21; Garuḍa (Vainateya) heard Gālava's story; he (Suparṇa) told Gālava that he would never find more than six hundred horses as, before him, Ṛcīka did not get more than six hundred horses; Garuḍa advised Gālava to give Mādhavī to Viśvāmitra in lieu of the remaining two hundred horses; Suparṇa then took Gālava, Mādhavī and the six hundred horses to Viśvāmitra; Gālava was thus able to pay the dakṣiṇā his teacher had demanded with the help of Suparṇa; Gālava permitted Suparṇa to leave 5. 117. 1-23.


F. Sumukha (a serpent) episode: Serpent Āryaka told Mātali who wanted his daughter to be married to Sumukha that Cikura, his son, was killed by Vainateya and that the same fate awaited his grand-son Sumukha in a month's time; Mātali assured Āryaka that he would endeavour to mitigate the threat of Suparṇa to Sumukha; when they all approached Indra, Viṣṇu asked Indra to give amṛta to Sumukha and make him immortal; Indra, remembering the prowess of Vainateya, was reluctant to part with amṛta and asked Viṣṇu himself to give it to Sumukha; when asked by Viṣṇu again, Indra gave only long life to Cikura but not amṛta 5. 102. 14-27; 5. 101. 24.


G. Association with Viṣṇu:

(1) As standing on his flag-staff and as his vehicle: While fetching amṛta from heaven, Vainateya met Viṣṇu on way; when offered a boon by Viṣṇu, Garuḍa chose that he should stay above Viṣṇu (tava tiṣṭheyam upari); when Garuḍa in return offered a boon to Viṣṇu, he chose Garuḍa to serve him as his vehicle (vāhana), and since Garuḍa wanted to stand above him Viṣṇu asked Garuḍa to stand on his flag-staff (dhvajaṁ ca cakre) 1. 29. 12-16; hence after the death of Jarāsandha when Kṛṣṇa thought of Garuḍa (Garutmant), he instantly appeared and took his seat on (the flag-staff of) the chariot; the flag-staff then appeared as a raised caitya post 2. 22. 2223; Kṛṣṇa's flag marked with Garuḍa when he started for Hāstinapura 5. 81. 20; when Dāruka brought Kṛṣṇa's chariot for the use of Sātyaki it was marked with Suparṇa 7. 122. 43; also 7. 56. 33 (Vainateya); when Kṛṣṇa got his chariot ready to pursue Aśvatthāman, Vainateya stood on the flag-staff 10. 13. 4; when, at the end, the Vṛṣṇis were helplessly looking on, Suparṇa on the flag of Kṛṣṇa was taken away day and night by the Apsaras 16. 4. 5; Kṛṣṇa (Viṣṇu) is called Garuḍadhvaja 7. 57. 2; 13. 11. 5; 13. 135. 51; Suparṇaketu 3. 173. 15; Tārkṣyaketana 2. 2. 12; 12. 48. 14; Tārkṣyapravaraketana 2. 42. 55; Tārkṣyadhvaja 8. 27. 65; (also cf. 12. 46. 34); Tārkṣyalakṣaṇa 12. 43. 8; Kṛṣṇa used Vainateya as his vehicle while fetching Pārijāta from Amarāvatī 7. 10. 22; he used Tārkṣya as vehicle while going to Himavant to propitiate Śiva 13. 14. 26 and Vainateya while waiting on him 13. 14. 142; Garuḍa felt he was disregarded by Indra because he stood on the flag of Indra's younger brother and because he carried him (Kṛṣṇa) on his back and was thus reduced to the state of a servant 5. 103. 13, 8; Viṣṇu asked Garutmant to bring king Vasu Uparicara from Pātāla and make him a khecara 12. 324. 30-35;

(2) Removal of Garuḍa's pride: When Garuḍa knew that Indra had granted long life to the serpent Sumukha he blamed Indra for depriving him of his food; he threatened to give up his life and said that as long as Indra was there he had nothing to do with Viṣṇu (na viṣṇuḥ kāraṇaṁ mama) 5. 103. 1-17; Viṣṇu scolded Garuḍa (Tārkṣya, Garutmant) for praising himself although in reality he was very weak; Viṣṇu told Garuḍa that he did not really carry Viṣṇu but Viṣṇu carried himself and also Garuḍa (aham evātmanātmānaṁ vahāmi tvāṁ ca dhāraye 5. 103. 20); however he asked Garuḍa to carry only his right arm, and when the arm was placed on Garuḍa he fell down under its weight and became almost unconscious (vicetāḥ); he shed many feathers; Viṣṇu did not deprive him of his life; finally Garuḍa bowed down to Viṣṇu and begged for forgiveness 5. 103. 18-30.


H. Association with Śeṣa: Śeṣa complained to Pitāmaha that his dull-witted brothers (serpents) hated their brother (cousin) Vainateya and he in turn hated them 1. 32. 10-11; Pitāmaha then made Garuḍa (Suparṇa, Vainateya) a friend of Śeṣa 1. 32. 25.


I. Association with Skanda: Suparṇa gave Skanda a feather and a peacock as toy (krīḍanīya) 13. 86. 20-21; he gave peacock to Skanda 9. 45. 46; he attended Skanda's consecration as general of the army 9. 44. 14; some of the warriors of Skanda were Garuḍa-faced (garuḍānanāḥ) 9. 44. 79.


J. Garuḍa's other feats:

(1) Suparṇa swallowed a quail which, however, was freed by Aśvinau 1. 3. 62;

(2) Garutmant often went to the mountain Himavant 12. 314. 6; Suparṇa once carried away forcibly the big snake Ṛddhimant living near a lake on the Gandhamādana mountain; the wonderful feat (adbhutam) was witnessed by the Pāṇḍavas 3. 157. 14-15;

(3) A serpent (not named), husband of the daughter of Airāvata, killed by Suparṇa 6. 86. 7;

(4) Suparṇa (and Suparṇas) fought with Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna who protected the fire at Khāṇḍava; he fought with wings, beak, and nails 1. 218. 19-20; 8. 63. 68 (nakha, daśana (? for beak);

(5) During his fight with demons (Daiteyas) he performed the great feat of killing six of them 5. 103. 11-12.


K. Strength: Indra described Garuḍa as a great being (mahad bhūtam) and wished to know the extent of his strength (1. 29. 22, 23); Garuḍa said that although good persons did not themselves describe their strength and virtues he would do so due to his friendship with Indra; Garuḍa could carry the whole earth with mountains etc., the worlds, even with Śakra, with only a quill of his feather (pakṣanāḍī), and this without feeling fatigue 1. 30. 2-5; also cf. 1. 20. 10-14; 1. 26. 6-9; 5. 103. 10-11, 17.


L. Greatness:

(1) Called mahātman 1. 28. 24;

(2) Destined to be the only Indra of all birds and was so consecrated 1. 27. 29, 35; hence he is called khageśvara 1. 20. 14; khagarāj 9. 16. 57; pakṣirāj 1. 24. 12; 1. 25. 6; 1. 27. 2; 1. 28. 1, 10, 13; 1. 96. 36; 7. 103. 8; 7. 47. 35; pakṣirāja (Garutmān) 12. 314. 6; gaganacareśvara 1. 24. 14; patageśvara 1. 20. 10; patagarāja 5. 113. 17; 7. 99. 12; patagapati 1. 30. 22; patagendra 1. 28. 4, 16; 5. 81. 20; patagottama 1. 23. 6, 9; patagaśreṣṭha 8. 27. 40; patatāṁ vara 3. 13. 82; 5. 112. 1; 5. 117. 3; dvijottama 12. 324. 30-32;

(3) Vainateya is counted among the Ādityas 1. 60. 38;

(4) he moved at will (kāmacārī, kāmagamaḥ) and had any amount of strength according to his wish (kāmavīrya); he was irresistible (adhṛṣya) and could not be killed (avadhya) 1. 21. 1; 1. 27. 2, 3, 29;

(5) Vainateya present among those who greeted Arjuna's birth 1. 114. 62;

(6) The account of Garuḍa is the subject matter of a Purāṇa 1. 27. 4, 3.


M. Comparisons with Garuḍa:

(1) Based on his enmity with serpents: Bhīṣma wanted to kill Śālva as Garuḍa killed a serpent 1. 96. 36; also 7. 35. 27; 7. 149. 26; 8. 63. 68; 8. 66. 22; (Garutmant) 3. 157. 66; 7. 114. 87; 8. 40. 68; (Vainateya) 7. 13. 73; 7. 164. 145; (Tārkṣya) 7. 13. 54; 7. 114. 57; 8. 15. 41; 8. 19. 6; (Suparṇa) 3. 253. 5; (khagarāj) 9. 16. 57; warriors routed by Sātyaki took refuge with Droṇa as serpents, frightened by patagarāja, did in holes 7. 99. 12; 1. 202. 17 (Vainateya); man is freed of sins by seeing Gaṅgā as serpents lose poison at the sight of Tārkṣya 13. 27. 43; [also see the next];

(2) Based on his speed, vehemence and agility: (i) arrows: speed of arrows compared to that of Suparṇa 7. 109. 32; 6. 79. 50 (Garutmant); (ii) horses: Arjuna's horses compared with Garuḍa 8. 45. 68; 7. 103. 8 (Suparṇa); speed of horses dispatched by Duryodhana like that of Garutmant (pl.) 6. 101. 12; the chariot of Duḥṣanta compared with Suparṇa 1. 63. 11; (iii) individual heroes: Aśvatthāman's speed, while rushing to attack Dhṛṣṭadyumna, compared to that of Garuḍa rushing to catch a serpent 8. 42. 39; Abhimanyu so compared 7. 51. 7 (Suparṇa); 7. 47. 35 (pakṣirāj); Bhīma so compared 3. 153. 19 (Vainateya); 7. 31. 61 (Vainateya); Ghaṭotkaca so compared 6. 89. 5 (Vainateya); (iv) birds: swans 8. 28. 14; owl 10. 1. 36 (Suparṇa); laṭvā 8. 27. 40 (Suparṇa, Vainateya);

(3) The breeze produced by his flight: (i) horses compared with it 7. 36. 21 (garuḍānilaraṁhobhiḥ …hayaiḥ); 7. 74. 10 (Tārkṣya); (ii) arrows: 7. 172. 22; 8. 62. 51 (?) (Suparṇa); (iii) strong wind 3. 157. 19 (Suparṇa);

(4) The noise produced by flight: (i) chariot's sound compared with it 3. 230. 18; 6. 86. 18 (Suparṇa); sound of Arjuna's chariot like that of Garuḍa rushing for serpents 8. 55. 22;

(5) Capacity to carry burden: Bhīma, taking his mother and brothers on his back, would fly like Vainateya 3. 13. 82;

(6) Lustre: Śuka flying up from Kailāsa towards heaven had the lustre (dyuti) of Vainateya 12. 319. 11; Sutasoma appeared to have the lustre equal to the prowess of Tārkṣya 8. 18. 32;

(7) Formidable appearance: Bhīma with his mace, ready to fight with Duryodhana, looked like Garutmant 9. 54. 14; Bhīma and Duryodhana fought as two Garutmants would for the flesh of a serpent 9. 57. 23; the capital at Khāṇḍavaprastha protected by gates known as two winged Garuḍa (dvipakṣagaruḍaprakhyaiḥ dvāraiḥ 1. 199. 31);

(8) Superiority among birds: Bhīṣma to be the general of the Kauravas as Suparṇa was of birds 5. 153. 13;

(9) Body shape: (i) a large vyūha (mahāvyūha) called Garuḍa or Gāruḍa Vyūha due to its lay-out 6. 52. 2-9;

(2) agniciti of Yudhiṣṭhira's horse-sacrifice was of the shape of Garuḍa 14. 90. 31;

(10) Persons and birds compared with Garuḍa: Kṛṣṇa 5. 69. 5; Sampāti 3. 266. 46; a hawk 3. 131. 13 (Suparṇa pakṣirāj); a crow mistakenly considered himself to be equal to Suparṇa 8. 28. 49.


_______________________________
*4th word in left half of page p15_mci (+offset) in original book.

previous page p14_mci .......... next page p21_mci

Suparṇa  : m.: See Garuḍa.


_______________________________
*3rd word in left half of page p70_mci (+offset) in original book.

Garuḍa (Suparṇa)  : m.: Name of a particular arrangement of the army (vyūha), described as mahāvyūha 6. 52. 2; also called Suparṇa 7. 19. 4, which is described as ‘superhuman’ (atimānuṣa) and ‘invincible by the enemies’ (ajayyam aribhiḥ) 7. 19. 21.

1. On the third day of the war Bhīṣma arranged the Kaurava army according to the Garuḍavyūha; at its ‘beak’ (tuṇḍa) stood Bhīṣma himself; its ‘eyes’ (cakṣuṣī) were Droṇa and Kṛtavarman; Aśvatthāman and Kṛpa, supported by the Trigartas, Matsyas, Kaikayas and Vāṭadhānas, formed the ‘head’ (śīrṣa); at its ‘neck’ (grīvā) were stationed Bhūriśravas, Śala, Śalya, Bhagadatta, Jayadratha, and the Madrakas, the Sindhusauvīras and the Pañcanadas; at its ‘back’ (pṛṣṭha) was king Duryodhana with his brothers and followers; the ‘tail’ (puccha) was made up by Vinda, Anuvinda, the Kāmboja, and the Śakas, as well as the Śūrasenas; the Māgadhas, the Kaliṅgas and the Dāśerakas stood at the right wing (dakṣiṇa pakṣa), while on the left (vāma pakṣa) were the Kānanas, the Vikuñjas, the Muktas, and the Puṇḍrāviṣes together with Bṛhadbala 6. 52. 3-9; 2. On the twelfth day of the war Droṇa arranged the Kaurava army according to the Suparṇa (Garuḍa) vyūha; at its entrance (mukha) stood Droṇa; its ‘head’ (śiras) was Duryodhana with his brothers and followers; its ‘eyes’ (cakṣuṣī) were Kṛtavarman and Gautama (Kṛpa), together with Bhūtavarman, Kṣemaśarman, Karakarṣa, and the warriors from the Kaliṅga and other countries; at its ‘neck’ (grīvā) were Śūrasenas, Daradas and others with their armies consisting of elephants, chariots, horsemen and foot-soldiers; Bhūriśravas, Śala, Śalya, Somadatta and Bāhlika with an army consisting of one akṣauhiṇī formed the right wing (dakṣiṇa pakṣa); Vinda and Anuvinda of the Avanti country, and Sudakṣiṇa from the Kamboja occupied the left wing (vāma pakṣa), and took positions in front of Aśvatthāman; at the ‘back’ (pṛṣṭha) of the vyūha were the Kaliṅgas, the Ambaṣṭhas and others; at the ‘tail’ (puccha) was Karṇa with his sons and relatives; Jayadratha, Bhīmaratha and other heroes stood ‘above’ (?) the vyūha (vyūhasyopari) 7. 19. 5-14; the vyūha looked like an ocean tossed by wind 7. 19. 15; from its wings and ends of wings rushed (elephants) eager to fight; in the midst of this army of elephants stood the king of Prāgjyotiṣa (Bhagadatta) mounted on an elephant duly prepared for fight; Bhagadatta was surrounded by many kings from mountain countries (pārvatīyaiḥ samanvitaḥ) 7. 19. 16-20.


_______________________________
*1st word in left half of page p97_mci (+offset) in original book.

Suparṇa  : m.: Name of a Vyūha (7. 19. 4-5). [See Garuḍa ]


_______________________________
*2nd word in right half of page p156_mci (+offset) in original book.

Vedic Index of Names and Subjects

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

2. Suparṇa is personified in the Yajurveda Saṃhitās as a Ṛṣi.