पुर्
यन्त्रोपारोपितकोशांशः[सम्पाद्यताम्]
अमरकोशः[सम्पाद्यताम्]
 पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
पुर् स्त्री।
नगरम्
समानार्थक:पुर्,पुरी,नगरी,पत्तन,पुटभेदन,स्थानीय,निगम,भोगवती,पुर,मन्दिर
2।2।1।1।1
पूः स्त्री पुरीनगर्यौ वा पत्तनं पुटभेदनम्. स्थानीयं निगमोऽन्यत्तु यन्मूलनगरात्पुरम्.।
अवयव : मूलनगरादन्यनगरम्,नगरद्वारम्
: कुबेरपुरी, मूलनगरादन्यनगरम्
पदार्थ-विभागः : , द्रव्यम्, पृथ्वी, अचलनिर्जीवः, स्थानम्, मानवनिर्मितिः
शब्दसागरः[सम्पाद्यताम्]
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पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
पुर्¦ f. (-पूः) A city. E. पुर् to lead, क्विप् aff.
Apte[सम्पाद्यताम्]
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पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
पुर् [pur], 6 P. (पुरति) To go before, precede.
पुर् [pur], f. (Nom. sing. पूः; instr. du. पूर्भ्याम्)
A town, fortified town; पूरण्यभिव्यक्तमुखप्रसादा R.16.23.
A fortress, castle, strong-hold.
A wall, rampart.
The body; पुरश्चक्रे द्विपदः पुरश्चक्रे चतुष्पदः Bṛi. Up.2.5.18.
Intellect. -Comp. -द्वार् f., -द्वारम् (पूर्द्वार्) the gate of a city.
Monier-Williams[सम्पाद्यताम्]
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पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
पुर् f. ( पॄ)only instr. pl. पूर्भिस्, in abundance , abundantly RV. v , 66 , 4.
पुर् cl.6 P. पुरति, to precede , go before , lead Dha1tup. xxviii , 56 (prob. invented to furnish an etymology for पुरस्and पुराbelow).
पुर् f. (in nom. sg. and before consonants पूर्)a rampart , wall , stronghold , fortress , castle , city , town (also of demons) RV. etc.
पुर् f. the body (considered as the stronghold of the पुरुषSee. ) BhP.
पुर् f. the intellect(= महत्) VP.
पुर् f. N. of a दश-रात्रKa1tyS3r. [Perhaps fr. पॄand orig. identical with 1. पुर्; cf. Gk. , ?]
Vedic Index of Names and Subjects[सम्पाद्यताम्]
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पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
Pur is a word of frequent occurrence in the Rigveda[१] and later,[२] meaning ‘rampart,’ ‘fort,’ or ‘stronghold.’ Such fortifications must have been occasionally of considerable size, as one is called ‘broad’ (pṛthvī) and ‘wide’ (urvī).[३] Elsewhere[४] a fort ‘made of stone’ (aśmamayī) is mentioned. Sometimes strongholds ‘of iron’ (āyasī) are referred to,[५] but these are probably only metaphorical. A fort ‘full of kine’ (gomatī) is mentioned,[६] showing that strongholds were used to hold cattle. ‘Autumnal’ (śāradī) forts are named, apparently as belonging to the Dāsas: this may refer to the forts in that season being occupied against Āryan attacks or against inundations caused by overflowing rivers. Forts ‘with a hundred walls’ (śatabhuji) are spoken of.[७]
It would probably be a mistake to regard these forts as premanently occupied fortified places like the fortresses of the mediæval barony. They were probably merely places of refuge against attack, ramparts of hardened earth with palisades and a ditch (cf. Dehī). Pischel and Geldner,[८] however, think that there were towns with wooden walls and ditches ( and) like the Indian town of Pāṭaliputra known to Megasthenes[९] and the Pāli texts.[१०] This is possible, but hardly susceptible of proof, and it is not without significance that the word Nagara is of late occurrence. On the whole it is hardly likely that in early Vedic times city life was much developed. In the Epic, according to Hopkins,[११] there are found the Nagara, ‘city’; Grāma, ‘village’; and Ghoṣa, ‘ranch.’ Vedic literature hardly seems to go beyond the village, no doubt with modifications in its later period.
The siege of forts is mentioned in the Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas.[१२] According to the Rigveda,[१३] fire was used.
- ↑ i. 53, 7, 58, 8;
131, 4;
166, 8;
iii. 15, 4;
iv. 27, 1, etc. - ↑ Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 7, 7, 5;
Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, i. 23;
ii. 11;
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iii. 4, 4, 3;
vi. 3, 3, 25;
xi. 1, 1, 2, 3;
Chāndogya Upaniṣad, viii. 5, 3, etc. - ↑ i. 189, 2.
- ↑ Rv. iv. 30, 20. Perhaps sun-dried bricks are alluded to by āmā (lit. ‘raw,’ ‘unbaked’) in Rv. ii. 35, 6.
- ↑ Rv. i. 58, 8;
ii. 20, 8;
iv. 27, 1. vii. 3, 7;
15, 4;
95, 1;
x. 101, 8. See Muir, Sanskrit Texts, 2^2, 378 et seq. - ↑ Av. viii. 6, 23.
- ↑ Rv. i. 166, 8;
vii. 15, 14. - ↑ Vedische Studien, 1, xxii, xxiii, where kṣiti dhruvā, i. 73, 4, is compared.
- ↑ Strabo, p. 702;
Arrian, Indica, 10. - ↑ Mahāparinibbānasutta, p. 12. Cf. Rhys Davids, Buddhist India, 262.
- ↑ Journal of the American Oriental Society, 13, 77;
174 et seq. - ↑ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 2, 3, 1;
Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, i. 23;
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iii. 4, 4, 3-5;
Gopatha Brāhmaṇa, ii. 2, 7, etc. - ↑ vii. 5, 3. Possibly, in some cases, the palisade was no more than a hedge of thorn or a row of stakes (cf. Rv. x. 101, 8), as suggested by Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 143, 145;
and cf. Rv. viii. 53, 5, as corrected by Roth, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 48, 109.
Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 142148, who compares the fact that neither the Germans (Tacitus, Germania, 16) nor the Slavs (Procopius, De bello Gotico, iii. 14) lived in towns, but, like the ancient Indians, were scattered in villages, each consisting of the houses and steadings of the several families living in the village. The evidence seems pretty convincing. It is true that the Greeks, when we first find them, evidently knew castles and fortresses of the mediæval type;
but the Greeks were clearly an invading race, superimposed on an older and in civilization more advanced people (see, e.g., Burrows, Discoveries in Crete). But the Pur may, as Zimmer allows, have sometimes been built within the limits of the village. Whether, as he urges (144), the śāradī pur was a protection against the floods of antumn is uncertain. Cf. Rv. i. 131, 4;
174, 2;
vi. 20, 10. In particular, it is not legitimate to connect the mention of those forts with the fact that the Pūrus lived on either side of the Sindhu (Indus), and to assume that Purukutsa's attack on the aborigines was directed against the forts in which they normally protected themselves on the rising of the river. No argument for the large size of cities can be drawn from the mention in the Kāṭhaka Upaniṣad, v. 1, of ekādaśa-dvāra as an epithet of Pura (cf. Śvetāśvatara Upaniśad, iii. 18;
nava-dvāra pura, ‘the citadel of nine doors’), because it is used metaphorically of the body, and the number of doors depends on the nature of the body (Keith, Aitareya Āraṇyaka, 185). The evidence of the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xi. 1, 1, 2, 3, seems rather to point to only one gate in a city.
Cf. Schrader, Prehistoric Antiquities, 412;
Muir, Sanskrit Texts, 5, 451;
Weber, Indische Studien, 1, 229;
Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 203, and Mahāpur.